In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is forced to continually migrate :: English Literature

In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is compelled to consistently relocate since they lose the land that their family has occupied for ages. Proprietorship doesn't live in legitimate title however in close to home understanding. In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is compelled to ceaselessly relocate in light of the fact that they lose the land that their family has occupied for ages. Regardless of the way that they never claimed the land, they feel it is theirs in light of the fact that nobody else realizes it just as they do. At the point when they arrive at California, they experience the situation of being the untouchables, for example, the banks they loathed were in Oklahoma. As a result of their solid agrarian roots and individual association with the land, the Joads accept that association with the land implies possession. The banks accept that monetary interest in the land implies proprietorship. This is a fascinating conundrum; two unique gatherings of individuals fight one another, persuaded that they are correct. They are fighting over a forlorn bit of soil, a pitiful tote for the victor. The Joads' position is laid out in the third intercalary part, We were conceived on (the land), and we got executed on it, passed on it. That is what makes it our own, being conceived on it, chipping away at it, passing on it. That is possession, not papers with numbers on it (43). The bank accepts that their money related case to the land obscures the individual speculation of the tenant farmers. Despite the fact that there is maybe no solid contention to conclude who is the genuine proprietor, if cash is worth more than work Bill Doors has more option to land than the populaces of some little countries. The Joads move to California because of the loss of their home, also, before long get familiar with the issue with permitting individual experience to decide possession. The Californians treat them with a savagery equivalent to that with which they rewarded the bank, despite the fact that the Oklahomans were responding to an extensively all the more scary danger. The vagrants go to California with the desire that they will be esteemed representatives, furthermore, have the option to choose their own property in California. This is unexpected since they had so as of late figured out the fact that it is so hard to surrender land, so hoping to have the option to purchase up land in California goes straightforwardly against the exercises they had quite recently learned. In spite of this component of false reverence, little talked about by John Steinbeck, the predicament of the vagrants moves compassion, for it is genuinely edgy.

Is Mark Twain a Racist?

Is Mark Twain A bigot? Many accept certain things about Twain's â€Å"Great American novel,† makes it a supremacist book, similar to the abuse of the word, â€Å"nigger,† and the given portrayal of the dark slave, Jim. In any case, there is a considerable measure of proof that this book was not worked out of despise, however with the expectation that Twain could change the standards of skin shade of the white individuals around him. The as a matter of first importance question a great many people ask when they read the novel is, â€Å"was Mark Twain a supremacist? There are presumptions that on account of Twain's utilization of tense language and writing in the perspective of racists, that he was a supremacist himself. A significant part of the article is Twain broadly expounding on the kind of condition and grown-ups this little youngster has been raised with, and how bigotry against the Chinese is ordinary. For instance, the Chinese are burdened twice as much as the various races to dig for gold. Likewise, when they are discovered taking from a mine, they are hung. In any case, when the equivalent happens to different races, they are just approached to leave the mining camp (Galaxy).In one section, the storyteller shares, â€Å"†¦ [the boy] discovered that in numerous locale of the immense Pacific coast, so solid is the wild, free love of equity in the hearts of the individuals, that at whatever point any mystery and puzzling wrongdoing is submitted, they state, â€Å"Let equity be done, however the sky fall,† and go straightway and swing a Chinaman. † (Galaxy) The motivation behind why Twain records these perceptions is to show the city of San Francisco that it isn't the kid who's to blame, in light of the fact that, â€Å"What had the youngster's training been? By what method would it be a good idea for him to assume it wasn't right to stone a Chinaman (Galaxy)? Truth be told, in one piece of the article, the kid says, â⠂¬Å"†Ah, there goes a Chinaman! God won't love me on the off chance that I don't stone him (Galaxy). † With this article, Twain trusted that he could permit the grown-up of the city to perceive how silly they have been acting towards the Chinese and it was not the kid who is acting immature, however it is the men whom the little youngster turned upward to. This is a similar situation with the contention encompassing, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. † In the two stories we see a little fellow who lives in a general public that is supremacist against a specific race simply because they were raised that way.An case of this in, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† is one of the primary things we get notification from Huck's dad and his emotions about dark individuals who have done well in the nation. He alludes to an African-American school teacher who wore decent garments and was smart. Additionally, since the man was from Ohio, he was likewise permitted to cast a ballot. It's intriguing how Huck's dad says, â€Å"It was ‘lection day, and I was going to proceed to cast a ballot myself in the event that I warn't too alcoholic to even consider getting there†¦ (37)†.The incongruity in this is the means by which Huck's dad, a man who is clearly ethically, monetarily, socially, and mentally mediocre compared to the teacher he met, accepts he is better than the man on account of their distinction in skin hues. This affirms Huck was brought up in a supremacist situation, which implies that things Huck says or does likely isn't out of loathe, but since that is how he's been brought up in his home and society. Something exceptionally hazardous that Twain did to show others his situation on subjection and prejudice was the point at which he elected to help pay for one of the principal dark understudy's educational cost at Yale University.In his letter do the Dean of the college disclosing why he needed to do this, he stated, â€Å"We have ground the masculinity out of them, and the disgrace is our own, not theirs, and we should pay for it (Fishkin). † This demonstration and statement shows that Mark Twain felt by and by struck to the heart about bondage as a horrible mix-up towards the dark society and needed to give something back to those influenced. Hence, with all his negative encounters with slaves and prejudice, for what reason would this man compose a book that conflicts with the beliefs he so strongly defends?This book ought not be taken a gander at as an assault against African-Americans, however as another way Twain attempted to reimburse the obligation he believed he owed the slaves and their families (Fishkin). At the point when the book initially presents Jim, it appears that the slave is practically offbeat to the point of stupidity. In section two, Jim nods off when searching for Tom and Huck in Mrs. Watson's yard. Tom takes Jim's cap and places it on a branch over his head, and when Jim awakens he tells different slaves a gathering of witches, â€Å"rode him everywhere throughout the world, and tired him most to death, and his back was all over seat bubbles (14). Two sections later, Jim hauls a hairball out of a bull's stomach and claims an infinitely knowledgeable soul lives inside (26). Numerous individuals discover Jim's notions exceptionally hostile and supremacist since it stresses that slaves had no expectation in having a decent life. Some accept that since the slaves were dealt with so inadequately and had minimal possibility of getting away from their sentence, they made up strange notions as an approach to escape from their merciless reality. Most African-American promoters of anning Twain's tale from schools don't figure their kids ought to need to find out about a period in their family ancestry's the place so much torment, enduring and pride was lost. The way that Twain makes Jim an amazingly odd character, is deciphered by numerous individuals as a bigot activity (Wolfson). In any case, who's to state that Jim's notions are not only an imaginative path for him to exploit certain things for his very own benefit? It's conceivable that Jim utilized the witch story from part two since he realized he'd gain notoriety all through the slave world.It even says later that slaves made a trip from far spots to hear Jim's witch story. Likewise with the hairball, Jim could have quite recently utilized it to get a brisk â€Å"buck† from Huck, or different clients who needed a few inquiries replied, since Jim imagined the soul wouldn't work except if it was paid. In the event that Jim's notions are seen in this light, he ought to be taken a gander at as an exceptionally astute person, as opposed to a sad slave, and nobody with a similar skin shading as him ought to be outraged (Fishkin). Another huge issue individuals have with the book is its apparently abuse of the word, â€Å"nigger. All through the book, the wor d is referenced a staggering 200 and multiple times, something that many see as pointless, since the word accompanies such a negative, corrupting ramifications in this day and age. Be that as it may, there is a lot of discussion whether the term conveyed the sort of pessimistic undertone it has today, yet regardless of whether individuals used the name as an affront, there are as yet sensible clarifications with respect to why Mark Twain would utilize this word. As a matter of first importance, Twain strived to make this novel as practical as possible.If he had not utilized the language of his time or portrayed characters the manner in which they were in his timespan, at that point nobody would have paid attention to his book. It's conceivable that there were different names that were less hostile that he could have utilized, however doing so would not have been as viable in uncovering the offensiveness of bigotry as, â€Å"nigger† does. The word fortified the book's thought that the social orders of the southern United States lived in steady bigotry. In spite of the fact that it's muddled whether Shelley Fisher Fishkin upheld this thought, she says in her book, A Historical Guide to Mark Twain: †¦ â€Å"nigger†] was necessary to the undertaking of introducing and demonstrating a bigot society, whose ill-conceived racial progressive system was encapsulated in the utilization of that word, since it was vital to sensationalizing the disappointment of everybody in that society (highly contrasting) to challenge the authenticity of business as usual and of the word that solidified and fortified it, and in light of the fact that the phrasing was practical to the time and characters. (137) The connection between, Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy, and the current novel should likewise be analyzed.The little youngster who stoned the Chinese man didn't carry out the wrongdoing since he loathed the Chinese, he did it since that is the thing that he was instructed to do. At the point when Huck alluded to the slaves as, â€Å"niggers,† it's not out of abhor that he utilizes the word, but since he was trained that is exactly what you call slaves. Another issue individuals have with this book is the general portrayal of the slave's acumen. In parts of the book, it's difficult to try and comprehend what Jim is attempting to state since he hasn't been instructed. Individuals accept that making Jim sound mentally mediocre compared to each other character in the book is a supremacist proceed onward Twain's part.However, when perusing the novel, the peruser should likewise understand that the writer and the storyteller are two distinct voices. The creator, Twain, is a grown-up who is very against the possibility of servitude. The storyteller is a little fellow who has been raised by a general public who sees nothing amiss with subjugating dark individuals. Therefore, it isn't Twain voicing his sentiments through the manners of thin king of Huck, however it is Twain attempting to depict a precise, verifiable perspective from a youthful, white kid (Fishkin). Tragically, this little fellow has been raised with specific inclinations against slaves, and Twain must respect that bias.If he doesn't then the book would be verifiably off base. Additionally, one must recollect that individuals living today were most likely not Twain's intended interest group. Twain needed to change issues in his age, and so as to make a story that applied to the peruser of his day, he would need to make the story as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances. In conclusion, the most clear contention is that it just wouldn't bode well to make a slave character who was as keen as the white individuals. On the off chance that slaves were not permitted any proper instruction, how practical would it be to expound on a savvy, educated slave?Finally, toward the finish of the novel, it appears Huck is reconsidering fleeing from his home, simply because, â€Å"Aunt Sally she will receive me and sivilize me, and I can't stand it (307). † F

100 Days with No Goals

100 Days with No Goals I’ve lived the last 100 days with no goals, and I’ve never felt happier or more alive. When I met my friend Leo Babautaâ€"two-thousand miles from my home in Dayton, Ohioâ€"he said there were three things that significantly changed his life: establishing habits he enjoyed, simplifying his life, and living with no goals. I was already living the first two: I had established my pleasurable habits, and I had simplified my life. But it was difficult for me to grasp the whole “no goals” thing. The thought of living a life with no goals sounded insane to me: it was counterintuitive, it was scary, and it went against nearly everything I had learned about productivity. In my corporate life of yesteryear, I managed hundreds of people for a large corporationâ€"an organization in which I was often considered the productivity guy, the goal guy: I met deadlines, overproduced, exceeded expectations, got results. That’s why they paid me the big bucks. I regularly had umpteen goals in various stages of completion: short-term goals, long-term goals, personal goals, business goals, health goals, financial goals, vacation goals, consumer-purchasing goals, you name it. I thought if I crossed enough goals off my to-do list, I’d eventually be content. So I worked harder and harder, focusing on every new goal with lapidary precision. But I was stressed out of my mind with all those goals. My hauntingly perpetual to-do list was just thatâ€"perpetual, never-ending. And it was ever-growing. Plus, I was continuously disappointed when I didn’t achieve a goal, or when I missed a deadline. I was even disappointed when I attained a goal, but didn’t overachieve. It was a self- consuming high: it was never enough. I needed a way to quit my goals cold turkey, so I did two things after speaking with Leo First, I asked myself, “Why do I have these goals?” I had goals so I could tell if I was “accomplishing” what I was “supposed” to accomplish. If I met a goal, I was allowed to be happyâ€"right? Then I thought: Wait a minuteâ€"why must I achieve a specific result towards an arbitrary goal to be happy? Why don’t I just allow myself to be happy now? Second, I decided to live with no goals for a while. I didn’t know how long, because I didn’t make it a goal. I figured I’d give it a shot for a month or so, maybe longer, to see what happened. If it affected me negatively, I could return to my rigid life of “achieving” and “producing results” with my color-coded spreadsheets containing scads of goals. What happened? Breaking free from goals changed my entire outlook on life. Three Ways Living with No Goals Changed My Life 1. I am less stressed. I have virtually no stress now. Sure, there are brief moments in which I feel vexed or bothered, but I feel so much less stress these days. People I’ve known for years comment on how calm I am. With no goals, they say I’m a different personâ€"a better person. 2. I am more productive. I didn’t anticipate this one. I thought getting rid of goals meant I was going to sacrifice results and productivity, but the opposite has been true. I tossed productivity and became more productive. I’ve written the best literary fiction of my life, I’ve watched our website’s readership increase significantly, I’ve met remarkable new people, and I’ve been able to contribute to other people like never before. The last 100 days have been the most productive days of my life. 3. I am happier and more content. During my 30 years on this earth, I’ve never been this consistently happy or content. It is an incredible feelingâ€"even surreal at times. With the decreased stress and increased productivity resulting from no goals, I am able to enjoy my lifeâ€"I am able to live in the moment. And thus I am appreciably happier and more content. Three Misconceptions About No Goals Three arguments against the no-goal lifestyle presented themselves to me in the last 100 days, all three of which I’d like to address. 1. Complacency: Doesn’t a life with no goals make you complacent? Well, if by “complacent” you mean “content”â€"then yes. Otherwiseâ€"no, it didn’t make me complacent. In fact, the opposite was true: after removing the stress from my life, I engaged in new, exciting endeavors while living a passionate, meaningful life. 2. Growth: Doesn’t a life with no goals prevent you from growing? Noâ€"I’ve grown considerably in the last 100 days. I’ve gotten into the best shape of my life, strengthened my personal relationships, established new relationships, and written more than ever before. I’ve grown more in the last 100 days than any other 100-day period in my life. 3. You still have goals: You say you have no goals, but don’t you still have some goals, like finishing your new novel or “being happy” or “living in the moment”? It’s important to make a distinction here: yes, I want to “be happy” and “live in the moment” and “live a healthy life,” but these are choices, not goals. I choose to be happy. I choose to live in the moment. I choose to live a healthy life. I don’t need to measure these events, I simply live this way. As for my new novel, I intend to finish writing itâ€"I’ve never worked harder on anything in my lifeâ€"but I’m enjoying the process of writing it, and if I never finish, that’s okay, too. I’m not stressed about it anymore. Living with no goals has changed me for the better: It has added layers of happiness and contentment I didn’t realize were possible. It has allowed me to contribute to other people in meaningful ways. I’m not going back to a goal-oriented life. No goals. None at all. Life is outstanding without them. This essay was originally published at Zen Habits.

How to Solve The Foreclosure Crisis Essay - 1273 Words

Due to the recession that our economy has recently experienced, American consumers are currently undertaking serious financial problems. Such difficulties are obvious in real estate, with homeowners having to deal with a major foreclosure crisis. According to studies by the Mortgage Bankers Association, one out of every 200 homes will eventually be foreclosed, and 250,000 families enter into foreclosure every three months. Although the worst times are still in our future, with help from the United States government, we as citizens will eventually overcome the horrendous situation of America’s current real estate market. To combat our nation’s foreclosure crisis, I believe it is necessary to inform Americans about their options, rights,†¦show more content†¦In the event that the profits from the sold home cannot cover the mortgagee’s payments, the lender may file a deficiency judgment against them. â€Å"More than 6 in 10 homeowners delinquent in their m ortgage payments are not aware of services that mortgage lenders can offer to individuals having trouble with their mortgage† (Freddie Mac), such as bankruptcy, appeals, a motion, or an exemption from the creditor. When a deficiency judgment is filed against a debtor, the individual should seek the assistance of an attorney as soon as possible. Deficiency judgments are rare, however, because a majority of lenders feel that if a borrower is not able to make their payments initially, there is no reason to spend their time and money on further legal action. With the occurring realization that foreclosure is a losing proposition for both the lender and the borrower, negotiating a temporary delay in payments may benefit both parties. Contrary to the belief that contacting a lender for help is embarrassing, useless, and will cause the home to be lost more quickly (Freddie Mac), lenders are usually receptive to the idea of reconstructing a payment plan. According to Craig Focardi, r esearch director of TowerGroup’s consumer lending division CMB, lender losses on foreclosureShow MoreRelatedHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis1218 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis The foreclosure crisis in our country has implemented a domino effect that may take years before we note any positive changes. As the country begins to heal, an effective process and/or program must be implemented that will reduce or eliminate foreclosures. It is important to remember that purchasing and maintaining a home is a part of the â€Å"American Dream,† and when working class families cannot seem to manage without loss of pride and dignity, then the dreamRead MoreHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis1146 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis An important step in solving the foreclosure crisis is to provide assistance to mortgagees in making the monthly loan payments; this assistance should be in place before the first loan payment is due. One solution in providing assistance, which would not require any additional governmental funds to be spent, would be a mandatory mortgage equity accelerator program for every new loan written. A mortgage equity enhancement program allows a thirty year mortgageRead MoreHow To Solve The Foreclosure Crisis1443 Words   |  6 PagesHOW TO SOLVE THE FORECL0SURE CRISIS 2009 was a record breaking year for foreclosures in the United States. The perfect storm of high unemployment, tightening credit, decreasing real estate values and cataclysmic stock market crash resulted in millions of homeowners defaulting on their mortgages. What are the solutions to this problem? Some would argue that the government should intervene and help homeowners. Those with a more â€Å"free market† or laissez faire approach would contend that the governmentRead MoreHOW TO SOLVE THE FORECLOSURE CRISIS1793 Words   |  8 PagesHOW TO SOLVE THE FORECLOSURE CRISIS What do we think when we hear the word â€Å"foreclosure†? Most people realize that it’s definitely something that is not good, some say that it’s when someone fails to do something, but those people don’t really know the meaning of it. But before I present my idea let’s review the meaning of such process: From the website of InvestorWords.com foreclosure Definition The legal process by which an owners right to a property is terminated, usually dueRead MoreHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis2207 Words   |  9 PagesThe foreclosure crisis has become as confounding as the old, neglected house on the corner of your street. With shattered windows and wild lawn, no one knows what to do with it, how to save it or even get rid of it. Public and private institutions have tried this and that to patch the ongoing economic blight: lowered interest rates, credit counseling, foreclosure workshops, short sales and bailouts. Nevertheless, the number of foreclosures has relentlessly continued its climb. This ascent hasRead MoreHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis977 Words   |  4 PagesThe economic crisis that has occurred in the recent years and that has consistently worsened over past year or so has led to many other problems, one of which is the foreclosure crisis. More and more people are losing their homes due to job loss or simply poor financial choices. The number of unemployed and homeless is increasing at an alarming rate. Many feel like there is nothing that can be done to remedy the situation, especially when the enormous debt that the United States has already accumulatedRead MoreHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis Imagine a young couple was married and bought a house together. They were happy they made an investment together that they would never regret. A few years later, the company the husband worked for suffered critically by the recession and he was one of the hundreds of people who got their job cut. They now have two babies to feed and have to choose between food and the mortgage. They soon began to miss their monthly payments. They waited until things becameRead MoreHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis Essay2252 Words   |  10 Pagesdollars funded by investments and home purchases were lost within a few months (Wikipedia.org: United States housing bubble). Millions of home owners were found to be unable to pay their mortgages, leading to hundreds of thousands of foreclosures. These foreclosures not only led to the decrease in value of the foreclosed homes, but also decreased the value of the homes in the neighborhoods, complexes and cul-de-sacs around them (zillow.com). The billion d ollar industry created by the fruitful housingRead MoreHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"How to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis?† â€Å"How to solve the foreclosure crisis?† This is a very troubling question currently facing our country today. The foreclosure crisis fueled by subprime mortgages, was a ticking time bomb waiting to explode. Many Americans hold large mortgages with adjustable rates that continue to increase. It was only a matter of time before the market would come tumbling down. From 2008 until now the national unemployment rate has risen from 5-6% to about 10.2% (U.S. BureauRead MoreHow to Solve the Foreclosure Crisis Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe solution to the Foreclosure Crisis is the implementation of continual, mandatory education classes that must be attended and passed, or penalties will be applied to the homeowners. A little tough love from the lender and the government is necessary. Just as our parents follow through and continue to teach us throughout our lives, so must the lenders and the government take the time to â€Å"sit† every homeowner down to make them l earn and realize that being a homeowner comes with big responsibilities

Compare the Political Regime Type in China and the United...

A country’s regimes are imposed to protect the country’s interest, but these protections will create unavoidable conflict-of-interest where businesses are conducted. Likewise, the super power China and the United States, the perpetual political changes create a direct implication to the day-to-day business activities and the type business investment plan to enter the country. Hence, conflict-of-interests are commonly tensions between the different in political ideologies, social issues, historical and culture background. As these interests are the catalysts to the type of regimes that the country will impose; moreover, these regimes will favour the different types of industries. For that reason, the organisations need to conduct†¦show more content†¦Hence, employment in United State require a continue update of the new regime and employment contacts will have to come to common ground which are for the best interest of both side. Conversely, the Chinese Communis t Party (CCP) do have regime to protect the employee interest and human right, but till date the Peking government are constantly having criticism over the labour law and the human right issues {text:bibliography-mark} . Much of the regimes have had been passed down, but the regime are poorly regulated {text:bibliography-mark} . For these issues, organization found a perfect loophole to exercise the market imperfection; a topical example is to exercise the low wage labour cost factor and the extension of the working hours or the condition of the working environment. Moreover, it can draw consent to corporate social responsibility (CSR) for the types of working environment factor worker were subjected too {text:bibliography-mark} . These impose an image of ‘playing good in their country, but playing bad on the other’. However, since the Peking government had entered the WTO in 2001, the Peking government is providing a perpetual change of their regime and improvement of enforcing the regime {text:bibliography-mark} ; hence the playground for market imperfection will not last long. Erstwhile, some of the modern political ideologies could be traced back to the Roman Empire, whereby historical evidence provides the foundation of the different types ofShow MoreRelatedPoli3001 Political Regime China and the Usa Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Question: Briefly compare the political regime type in China and the United States. Which of the two would you prefer to do business in and why? (If you want to you may specify the business) POLI 3001 – Short Essay Within all nation-states, a political regime is imposed which attempts to protect the individual interests of that country, however, it can also have the potential to limit that countries economic development and the United States and China are no exception to thisRead MoreThe Main Causes Of The Cuban Revolution1643 Words   |  7 Pagesworld has experienced a revolution. A revolution can be simply defined as a change to overthrow a government or a system. When a country decided to do a revolution, the idea is to modify the government for better changes . There are many different type of revolutionaries, some of them are intellectually, yet others may respond physically through destruction. Some may be peaceful, some short lasting, and some pointless. A Revolutions is directed by a hero who have an ideology and belief systemRead MoreBriefly Compare the Political Regime Type in China and India. Which of the Two Would You Prefer to Do Business in and Why?1478 Words   |   6 PagesPOLI3001 Assignment No. 2 Briefly compare the political regime type in China and India. Which of the two would you prefer to do business in and why? India and China are two republics that have experienced very opposing political regimes throughout history. China has been fundamentally stable country with a lack of a distinct authority figure (Desai, 2003). Being a single party state China has been controlled by the Chinese Communist Party since the 5th National Congress held in 1927 (Wang,Read More Women in the Developing World Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the Developing World Studies of political and economic change in the developing worlds usually say little or nothing about women’s issues. In the past two decades, two factors have contributed to the new understanding of women in developing nations: the emergence of feminist or gender-related social science research and the growing awareness by policy planners that women play an important role in the modernization process. Third world women, just as woman in industrialized nationsRead MoreEssay about The People’s Republic of China: Tyrannical Political State?1912 Words   |  8 Pagesinvasion, and paranoia are conflicting ideas yet all exist within societies past and present. George Orwell prophetically writes about a futuristic society in his book entitled 1984. He uses hindsight of past and present political authority to illustrate the possibility of additional states imposing oppressed control. Orwell asserts the conflicting ideas with, â€Å"†¦the three slogans of the Party: War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength,† (Orwell, 4). 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She is widely regarded in academic circles for her unique approaches to understanding political and social science issues. In 2007, Skocpol was awarded the John Skytte Prize in political science, one of the wo rld’s most prestigious, academic awards. 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She is widely regarded in academic circles for her unique approaches to understanding political and social science issues. In 2007, Skocpol was awarded the John Skytte Prize in political science, one of the world’s most prestigious, academic awards. Theda Skocpol’s, SocialRead Morepoliticalscifinal Essay3071 Words   |  13 Pagesfreedom of speech. When it comes religion and God, everyone should have the basic right to accept, engage and exercise in religious beliefs or on their behalf. Take for example, Brazil and Africa their constitution focuses on social rights, while The United Kingdom is rooted civil rights. The US Constitution is a remarkable document. Too bad the US style of the constitution that deals with civil rights, but not social rights is the least popular kind of world constitution. It is amazing what others

Growth In Writing Free Essays

Writing is one of my favorite things to do. Expressing yourself is so much easier when given time to think about what needs to be said. I would like to believe that I have a very rich writing history. We will write a custom essay sample on Growth In Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I keep a journal of all my daily events. I also keep a book close by so if I think of any poems I can write them down right away. My favorite piece of writing was a story that I wrote in my first semester English class. The name of the story was Fade. This Semester two of my classes will require me to turn in written assignments. This semester should not be two difficult in terms of how much writing I have to do. From my preliminary observations I can tell that I will have one short paper due in Art History 107 class. Although I only have one paper I have one paper, I have two essay exams in my History class. I believe that with some help the writing portion of this semester should be successful. The Art History paper has to be two pages long. I have to go to a museum and compare two of the exhibits to each other. Professor Cutis said that the first page of the paper should be talking about my reactions to the exhibits using the vocabulary that we learned in class. The second page should discuss the different time periods and there affects on how the critics might have critiqued the works of art. Also, we have to describe what kind of techniques the artist might have used and why. The most difficult part of this paper I believe will be trying to utilize the vocabulary that my professor wants us to use, and figuring out the right ways to critique the art. As for my essay exams in History, I have had a problem getting the right amount of details incorporated with the facts. I talked to my History professor and he said that the best way to know which details to add is to, read and re-read the notes from our lectures. I have been trying to take very detailed notes so it will not be a problem when the time comes for our first exam. To conclude, this semester seems like this semester will be smooth sailing when it comes to the writing aspect of my classes. I am hoping that with the help I receive from my writing class I can produce the best papers of my college career. How to cite Growth In Writing, Essay examples

Social Male Behaviors On Sundays Essay Example For Students

Social Male Behaviors On Sundays Essay There are many misconceptions about Sundays and its effect on people. Im here to clear it up from the males perspective, and to show women how to deal with these behaviors. Many women believe that Sunday is a sacred day, a time to be together with the one you love most and go to church . This is true, but Sunday is also the time for sports, testosterone driven activities, and for males to hang out with the other males. Sundays seems to bring out a primal instinct inside us men that lays dormant through out the week. These instincts are brought out by the excitement of sports and the surrounding. So here are some insights into our behaviors, eating habits, and our rituals to let you understand us better during these times. One of the main rituals on Sundays is gathering of us male species at various places to be with others like us. One of the places the male species often go to are called bars. These places are like heaven to the male specie. I myself have had first hand experiences with these places. Last Sunday I decided to go to a local bar call Hooters with some of my buddies to observe these ritual behaviors for myself. Upon entering the bar, I knew that it was truly a place for us males to hang out. The walls were filled with sport memorabilia, and on all twelve television sets where either football games or other sport related things. Another thing that made it a true guys hang out were the good food and the waitresses. All of the waitresses were all shaped nicely, wearing provocative clothing which made them truly candy for the eyes. Another one of these places that we male species like to socialize is their own dwellings or anothers. When the male specie hang out they dont like to do it alone , and so others males would join in on the fun. There are also requirements in order for the visiting males to be included in this ritual; they must present a Gift of Flavor upon the visit. Although we male species will consume almost anything that might be digestible on most days, Sundays on the other hand we male species will follow a strict diet. The diet states that, only food products that contain either great amount of salt, cheese, meat, or sugar may be consumed. Also that each serving of these foods must contain no less than 2 grams of fat, otherwise the food is considered sacrileges. Also the most essential part of these rituals are alcoholic beverages, because it seems that alcohol brings out theses primal instincts even more, therefore bonding them even better. In very few cases, sometimes the opposite sex has been known to attend these strictly male rituals. The female species who attend these rituals are there to present a more heterosexual atmosphere to the gathering. So please dont try to invite yourself, if we want you to come we will invite you. At these places males are very loud and obnoxious High fives, hand shakes and group chants are a common sight at these places. But there is a mutual respect among us on Sundays; we dont do things that will upset other males, at least not on purpose. No one goes out to these gatherings to look for trouble, because all males believe that Sundays are a time for peace. Sometimes fights do break out between males, but these incidents are very few. Those who break this unwritten code are banned from such rituals for how ever long it is requiredOther strange behaviors that Sundays tend to bring out in the male species are the overwhelming urge to fix everything he owns. This urge can be both helpful and harmful depending on the subject. Helpful because things males own will get fix, but harmful because this urge also come out in males that doesnt have a clue on how to fix anything. This urge emerges because of the male species need to feel needed and masculine. Males believe that in order t o truly be a man he must be able to do thing that the opposite can not do, mainly fix things and hard labor. This behavior is often accompanied by alcohol as well; it also has the purpose of letting the male species concentrate and have fun. So just let us fix our things even if it doesnt need to be fixed, it would help our self-esteem. .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 , .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .postImageUrl , .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 , .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894:hover , .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894:visited , .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894:active { border:0!important; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894:active , .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894 .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d2c6388336d397975b38f19b7538894:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Baseball Vs. Football EssayBut some males of the specie can get the total opposite sex of this behavior, and is often referred to as sloth. This behavior often causes late sleeping, for that day the male species are able to slumber for hours beyond his usual time of waking up. But this chronic sleep always seems to be canceled by the males inner clock when he senses the pre-game show is about to start. It doesnt stop there. Even though they have awakened for their slumber, we are still in a trance like state of mind. The ones that go through this trance have been know to sit or lay motionless for hours watching nothing but sports and pointless infomercials on television. W e only move when it is an extremely necessary situations, like in a life or death situation, call of nature, lack of nourishment, or commercials. But dont think that when we are moving that we will do anything else except for the extreme situations. But also, do not mistake our inactivity for unawareness. Even though it seems like our minds seem like they are blanked we can sense all that is around us the entire time. We just dont want to talk to you. So just let it be. Some males are not like this at all. They retain their sanity through out the entire week, because they have a disorder that is often referred to as P.W syndrome. You can spot these males easily; theyre often seen at local malls on Sundays accompanying the opposite sex during their shopping. Another tells tale sign of P.W Syndrome is the answering of every womans commands with yes followed bye a stupid pet name. If you have a man like this, you can do better. There are no definite set times when all these primal instincts will go away but there are time frames when these behaviors will start to decrease. People have noticed that they start to decrease after the last post game show on television had ended and football too is gone for the day. But some scientists believe that availability of alcohol plays a major part in the decrease, because the party is over when the drinks are gone. The only way that you can make it easier on you during these times is to just go with the flow. Be lazy too or fix things, by doing this you will notice that the time will fly by. Or you can pick up our hobbies, like football, drinking beer and hot wings. Because if we see that youre cool we will invite you to our gatherings. But if think that doing these are not for you, you can just stay the hell away from us. Go to your parents house, girl friends, or siblings and do your feminine activities. We wont interfere with your rituals. But please understand its not our fault, we dont do this because we want to, it just that it is part of being a man. And I hope in reading this you have learned and understand more about the men in your life. And that its up to you to decide how it will affect you.

5 Tips for Making Your Content Go Viral

by Constant Content The online marketplace is an extremely competitive one, and creating content which has the potential to end up going viral may seem particularly challenging. What anyone stepping into the world of Internet marketing needs to realise, however, is that it is social media, powered by the public, which offers you this potential. No business can afford to ignore this fact. What you ultimately should be seeking to achieve when it comes to creating content for your blog or website is something that people find useful or interesting enough that they want to share it with their friends. If people like your content enough, then they will share it, effectively doing your advertising for you. Once this process occurs, your content has already made the first step in going viral and being shared by others on social networks and forums all across the net. Best of all, creating great content and making it go viral does not have to cost you a thing! The following takes a look at the five most importa nt factors which can make your content more popular than you ever imagined. 1 – Uniqueness While it might be true that just about every conceivable subject has been written about time and time again on the Web, it is not as hard as you may think to take a different approach on a subject and appeal to a more specific audience. Define your style in your writing to formulate unique content which your audience will enjoy reading. Quality and originality are absolutely essential both for the sake of your readers’ patience and for search engine optimization. Give your readers the impression that they are missing out if they don’t read your content. 2 – Scannability The average reader surfing the Web only consumes about a fifth of the content that they come across. Writing for the Web is not like writing for print, and while it might seem a shame that most of your visitors won’t actually read your latest blog post word-for-word, it is a fact that people tend to have a short attention span when viewing content online. Remember this when writing your content, and make it easily scannable by breaking it down into sections with subheadings so that people may easily pick out the exact information that they are looking for. 3 – Usefulness Creating content which is useful to someone is a must. Hands-on and practical information such as how-to articles, list-type articles and any other type of informative or engaging writing is sure to catch your readers’ eyes. If your readers can start putting into practice the information that you give them right away, the content has a much higher chance of going viral. This is precisely why how-to articles, for example, are so popular. Just think about how many times people search in Google for an answer or a tutorial of some sort. 4 – Consistency It takes time to build up rapport and become an authority in the eyes of your audience. You won’t be able to achieve this overnight, but it will come in time. To make this happen, you must maintain consistency by defining your style and sticking to what you know and what you enjoy. Once your readers start to trust you and enjoy seeing your content on a regular basis, they will become regular visitors. They will also be much more likely to share your content. Try to stick to a fairly regular schedule for creating and updating your content. 5 – Sharing Last, but certainly not least, make it easy for people to share your content. Most readers are less likely to share your content if they have to log into Facebook or any other social media site and then manually copy and paste a link into the status field. Make it as easy as possible for them to share content by ensuring that social media buttons are available at the bottom of every page. You don’t need to have buttons for lots of sites – just the ones for very popular services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google+ are usually adequate. This way, your readers can share content with just a couple of clicks. What other tips do you have to make content go viral? Please share your thoughts in the comments.

what is AIDS essays

what is AIDS essays AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is not passed down from generation to generation through genes, but it is acquired. AIDS is a disease that attacks the immune system, a system that is vital in fighting off disease. This disease causes the immune system to be deficient, or weakened, so that it cannot properly fight off diseases because it is unable to produce white blood cells. AIDS is a syndrome or a group of illnesses with many possible symptoms that can occur together in a weakened condition. This disease is not localized in one specific area, its is found all over the world. (gmhc.org/basics/basics.html) AIDS is the most common and widespread deficiency disease known to mankind. It has already infected and killed millions of people worldwide. Its two viruses, named human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) are retroviruses that use RNA as its genetic material. When it invades a eukaryotic cell, a retrovirus reverse transcribes its RNA into DNA, which then directs the synthesis of more viruses, using the transcription and translation machinery of the cell. The HIV virus weakens the immune system by infecting and destroying helper T-cells, which are mandatory for the use of defending the bodies immune system. The HIV virus in turn causes AIDS. HIV cannot survive outside the body for very long. The virus can be transmitted only by the direct exchange of body fluids- including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The HIV infection can be spread through sexual activity, sharing of needles among drug users, blood transfusions, or during pregnancy or childbirth. There are no cures for the AIDS virus but effective vaccine treatments developed in recent years have slowed but not stopped the process and helped patients live longer. Scientists are not certain as to where or when the AIDS virus evolved. Researchers have shown ...

Teachers Strategy in a Class Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Teachers Strategy in a Class Management - Essay Example Remaining in control in the classroom is essential for a teacher. If one is not calm and firm then the students will get the signal that the teacher is not able to handle the pressure and they will always try to get away of it or enjoy the teacher’s weakness. When a stern look is sufficient one should avoid yelling. Students won’t get afraid instead will make fun at one’s back. A teacher can also follow the following guideline to manage the class. According to Leaman (2005), â€Å"positive encouragement and praise is the easiest and most powerful way to reward an individual: notice your students working quietly/being helpful/listening well/sitting still, as much as you notice them misbehaving. Draw attention to this and make them feel good about themselves.† (p. 17-18) The students will undergo a positive change and look forward to the teacher’s class to gain the opportunity to be praised in front of the entire class. Keeping the pupil in control do es not mean pin drop silence always. During any group activity, the pupil should be able to participate actively. If it’s not the case then the teacher should work upon this aspect too. It has been rightly pointed out in NASUWT website â€Å"class control is not an end in itself. It is the creation of a learning environment that is important. In different circumstances, the learning environment may be a totally silent classroom or the busy, bustling group activity session.†(para.3) During a lecture, it is often found that the backbenchers are busy exchanging glances or whispering to each other. This is quite disturbing for the teacher.

Portfolio assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portfolio assignment - Essay Example An economic analysis will also be carried out to determine the factors that have influenced greatly the share performance and as a result the value of the portfolio. The companies in the portfolio include Apple, MasterCard, Target Group, Eli Lilly & Company and Tesla Motors Inc. the share performance from 20th September 2012 to 19th November 2012 is on a weekly basis for all five companies. Appendix 1 shows a table showing the weekly share prices for the companies. Appendix 2 shows the value of the portfolio as at 19th November 2012. The initial value of the portfolio as at 20th September 2012 was at $25,000 and as at 19th November 2012, the value is $25,485.6 as shows in appendix 2. This is increase of approximately 2 percent. Apple, Eli Lilly and Target have their closing share prices at a price lower than the initial prices. Master card and Tesla have shown a higher closing price than their initial prices. Share prices performances are influenced by the internal activities of the company. Tesla anticipated increasing its revenue in the fourth quarter by 25 % since it was to introduce the S model in the market. This might be the reason why its share prices went up. Apple is facing competition from other companies such as Nokia. Nokia has partnered with Chinese company and it has grabbed most markets in china. MasterCard’s 3rd quarter report shows that it had 7.8% increase in operating earnings compared to the previous quarter. It also had introduced a share repurchase program in June and proved to be ef fective in the 3rd quarter. This might have triggered the increase in prices. GDP experiences periods of boom, recession or depression and so does share prices undergo through the same cyclical period. The correlation between GDP and share prices is very low (Reilly and Brown 2011). Investors are influenced by the returns they get from each dollar they invest in the company. If the GDP increases in the 4th quarter by

The Birthplace Of The Industrial Revolution History Essay

The Birthplace Of The Industrial Revolution History Essay The Industrial Revolution started during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Great Britain. It then spread to the rest of Europe, North America and finally to the whole of the world. As luck would have it, of the western Civilized nations, Great Britain was already a world power (thanks to the English Navy) but the reason is that its an island nation. As an island nation, and no recent invasions upon their soil, there was nothing to disrupt progress. The U.S. was still learning and growing, having not yet discovered fully its own borders and interior, was behind (but closely so) Great Britain. There were so many theories on how the Industrial Revolution started in Britain. Yet there were a lot of main contributes to it. Growth of population and inventions was a main effect because it brought in more people and ideas. Others were good natural resources and agriculture and help of the overseas trade. Population, of course, had a big impact on the Industrial Revolution because as more people come into the Britain area, theyre more than likely going to need a job. The rising population, especially in the cities, did two things to further the Industrial Revolution. The first was that it created a better and growing group of labor. More people were ready and able to fill up the increasing job market. The following most important thing is that a growing population caused a greater insist for products that were being formed. Many famers found it hard to live due to the fact of new machines coming about, so they moved to the cities to find work. The enclosure movement required small farmers to either take up tenant or move to cities and become part of the urban labor force. (Martin, 230) Job openings and more chances helped increase the economy of the Industrial Revolution. More people meant more money, food, and a simpler lifestyle. More scientists that did well in studies encouraged m ore people to get into the science industry that will later lead to the Industrial Revolution. The growing population during the Industrial Revolution as well helped business to produce more good and products for customers. Population growth tended to lower the relative price of manufactured goods and real wages, thus not likely to have stimulated a search for labor-saving innovations. (Mokyr, 24) The British brought in more slaves to work on their land. The slaves grew products that were in turn sold on to Britain. The rapid development of English industry has been attributed to the exploration of colonial people and the profit wrung from the slave trade. (Ashton, 123-126) The capture of overseas markets, one after another, until England became the workshop of the world. Britain had a lot of supplies of their own. But the ones they didnt have, the borrowed from their many other colonies; which were loyal customers too. Their vast empire allowed them to import raw materials from the colonies to factories at home, and export the finished products back to the colonies. This spurred industrialization in the British Isles. now an entirely new spirit, that of the New World, was to sweep eastward overseas and along with the new forces generated from active and regular contact with orient, transform, and revivify Europe. (Gillespie, 27) The Americas helped big time to contribute to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. foreign trade, especially trade with the Americas was the very center of the English development process. (Ashton, 13-14) Progress in transportation is a reason of the Industrial Revolution because without better transport relations, Britain wou ld not have been able to trade with the other colonies. The improvement of oceangoing transport was very significant because trade was becoming a very commercial source of profits for England. Also, people were becoming wealthier; therefore they could come up with the money to buy new inventions. Wealthy people put in money into new ideas so they would make a benefit if it were successful. This is a main reason of the Industrial revolution since without it; Britain would not have had as much money to use on things such as transport and inventions. The trade triangle was skillful because the ships never sailed empty and people made lots of money. The owners of these ships made lots of profits due to the low labor cost. The trade triangle formed a market for the factory owners in Britain, selling their products overseas. New well-developed inventions can always open a door to success. Business people invested in the manufacture of new inventions. New inventions and machinery also made work faster than before. These new inventions included: banking systems, flying shuttles, spinning jenny, water frames, and cotton mills. Their development of the banking systems also contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Cash and freedom, England was the first country to have its own independent bank (the bank of England) it also was the only nation with the means to raise more cash and investments from across the country and the rest of Europe (The London stock exchange) People did not want to physically do their work themselves for the rest of their lives. During the Industrial Revolution, Europe shifted from an economy based on agriculture and handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines and automated factories. (Duiker, 405) Britain had loads of coal to use for their excellent ideas because they would use wood to heat their homes. The British soon had ideas about change for themselves. Their government also favored the change. Roads, ports and bridges played an important role in developing an industrialized nation. The products made by these factories were passed to other markets around the world by roads and rivers. Canals soon became the next most important thing to the cities. When George Stephenson made steam engine that could carry on rails which is later called railroads. After that they linked cities all over the world. The sustained growth agriculture productivity during this period led to the fall in prices of agricultural products. Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution because of its power and resources. The small island country had extensive natural resources. These natural resources included: water power and coal to fuel the new machines, iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings, rivers for inland transportation, and harbors from which merchant ships set sail. Agriculture in Britain at the time was a main factor of the Industrial Revolution. Among all of the changes occurring at the time, agriculture and farming families changed as well. Cotton was an important item at the time. John Kays flying shuttle made clothes twice as much than usual. This was known as the textile industry. Iron wares and later of cotton played vital part in the building of those industries to the point where technical change transform their momentum of growth. (Davis, 393) Agriculture relea sed labor to industry during this period. The success of England was fundamentally based on the transformation of the agriculture and on major increase in agricultural activities. (Smit, 61-63) Economic growth continued to spread during the 19th century, and still spreading today. The Industrial Revolution reached other parts of Europe and the United States in the 1800s. In the 1900s, it reached Asia. Eventually, the causes of the British Industrial Revolution can be put down to a number of factors; Extending from new technologies, environmental, resources and economic reasons.Overall, with such factors it cannot be considered a surprise that Britain embraced industry. For location, resources, and transport networks all favored Britain and their empire; resulting in a large share of manufacturing output for Britain by the mid 19th century.

Advertising and Public Relations Portfolio Essay

1.Write a report on experience with regards to approaching the organisation First contact was via telephone where I set up an interview time with Mr. Solly Khuthama. The contact was very positive and he was supportive and understanding with the need for this campaign. Once at the Tumelo Children’s Home, I met with Miss Mpho who was also very helpful with fully answering all my questions about the organisation, as well as professional. How did the organisation respond to the request They were both very positive and looked forward to the finished communication campaign. Any information I needed was fully provided through open communication channels. Establishing a working relationship with the organisation It was decided in the interview that all further communication would be done telephonically and via e-mails between either Mr. Solly or Miss Mpho. As all questions were answered during the interview period, only the letters to and from the organisation, as required, were to be followed up on. Please refer to APPENDIX A and C. Identifying the communicator for the campaign The communicators of Tumelo Children’s Home are both Mr Solly and Miss Mpho on behalf of the entire organisation as Mr. Solly is the manager and Miss Mpho is the admin clerk/receptionist and they both oversee the entire running of the centre. 1.2 Identify the target audience (According to Integrated Organisational Communication text book, 2013:459) 1.2.1 Problem statement for the research To establish financial support and raise awareness about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. 1.2.2 Sub-problems a) To raise awareness amongst potential sponsors in Pretoria who are business owners. It contributes to solving the main problem as most of the business in Pretoria do not know about this organisation and cannot help without any previous knowledge of its needs. b) To find out the potential business owners’ needs (in the Pretoria area) and communication expectations of the organisation- if willing to deal with Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. This will help solve the main problem as when the businesses have all the information about the home, then further steps can be taken to ensure that all funding and support offered is used as desired. c) To educate potential donors’ in the Pretoria area through the use of different medias about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. This will contribute positively due to increased awareness through a larger media coverage than previously, and inform the potential Pretoria donors about the organisation in its entirety. 1.2.3 Research questions a) Research question 1: What is the current awareness of the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, with Pretoria based business owners? b) Research question 2: If willing to deal with the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, what would the potential business owners needs’ be? c) Research question 3: What media could be used to educate potential donors about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children? 1.2.4 Unit of analysis Since the focus of the communication campaign is on business owners in the Pretoria area, the unit of analysis will be on these individuals, as they will be the receivers of the questionnaires. 1.2.5 Population(s) The target population identified for this study is of various Pretoria based businesses, while the accessible population is only the business owners that agree to meet up to take the questionnaire. 1.2.6 Sampling procedures Random sampling: questionnaires were sent out to various business owners via online methods, such as Facebook and e-mails, as well as telephonically through references given by employees, in a cross sectional manner of industry. 1.2.7 Methodology and measuring instrument Quantitative methodology is used as it more focused on the quantity of answers rather than the quality of the answers received. The measuring instrument used are questionnaires which answer specific questions of the desired target audience that are easy to complete and non-confusing. Please see APPENDIX B for questionnaire. Percentages of companies willing to support a non-profit organisation: 5 of the 9 participants indicated willingness to consider supporting (if more information could be obtained), leaving a total of 35.7% willing. Awareness of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children: 85% had indeed not heard of this home, leaving 14.3% (2 persons) having prior knowledge before the questionnaire. Information heard: The first person indicated that the information previously heard was abstract, while the other said that the information shared about the home sounded negative as the children need so much still. Preferred communication medium: 100% stated E-mail as their preferred communication medium. Preferred media medium Please note for the preferred medium: Many participants chose more than one option with preferred media mediums. 6 of the 14 participants indicated that they would prefer the website as a media medium, yet as the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children has a website already, I changed their selection to a newspaper advertisement as I want to create broader knowledge through media mediums not yet explored before. 1.2.9 Audience segmentation Demographics was provided for as one question asked for the situation of the company, as the questionnaire was specifically aimed at the Pretoria area, yet provision was provided for other areas. Another question was to find out whether or not the company would be willing to invest in the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, to know the percentages that the communication campaign should be aimed at, and what their specific needs would be for this to occur. 1.2.10 Self-reflection (a) I discovered that the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children lacks coverage as most of the audience members had never heard of them before. (b) The extent that I predicted the results was a surprise as I believed that other forms of media mediums would be chosen, yet were not. (c) It was worthwhile in conducting the research as now the communication  campaign manager knows that there is a dire need of this awareness campaign and what media to use to get the word out as indicated by personal preferences of the random audiences. (d) The research could influence the way in which this communication campaign is planned due to the results indicating an exact percentage of awareness in which demographic areas, as well as showing that while the communications manager would prefer to use a Twitter handle for example, the audience prefers Facebook as an online means of marketing. Page 8 1.3 Analyse the situation and identify campaign aims 1.3.1 Historical review and forecast The historical background of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children: the home was opened in 1996 by Dr. Moses and Mrs. Orina Thindisa when Mr. Moses saw the many difficulties faced by the parents and families of these handicapped children. Driven by a love for the children in need, the facility was open in Ivory Park, Midrand. While it was originally opened as a centre for the children during daytime working hours, many of the parents abandoned their children and were never heard from again, leaving the two founders in a difficult situation, yet they persevered and the home operates on a 24 hour basis ever since. It now houses 32 children from which about seventy per cent are either orphaned, abandoned and previously abused. Since this is the old home for children with special needs, the waiting list contains around 250 applicants, coming from further afield than Ivory Park. Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children’s forecast is to therefore gain enough fun ds to expand the home to cater for the many needs of so many special children that still need the attention, facilities and activities that they do not receive unless admitted. 1.3.2 Social, political and economic environment (a) The social environment is very supportive on the home as the community volunteers, looks after the security of the facility and helps out when possible. (b) The political environment affects the home as the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is funded by grants from the  government currently. Parents of the children residing within the home’s walls are asked to pay R500.00- which is given to them by the government as children’s grants. (c) The economic environment does affect Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children as shortage of jobs results in that some of the parents neglect to pay their fee and rather use the government grants for themselves, leaving the home at a loss, whilst facing food and other cost increases. 1.3.3 Competitors Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children does not have any competitors and have children from afar as Alexandria and Soweto needing space due to this lack of competition. 1.3.4 Describe the organization and its culture Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is extremely clean and the interior is cheerful and bright. It is clearly a place well taken care of and the caretakers truly have a passion for the well-being of the children. Culturally, the community has committed to the centre and looks out for the security of the grounds, are regular volunteers and help out where they can, leaving an impression that this facility is very family and community orientated. Please refer to APPENDIXES D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M for photographs of the organisation. 1.3.5 Identify three issues based on the research results and situation analysis that are relevant for the campaign (a) There is not broad awareness about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, leaving the home in dire need of financial sponsorship with no feasible way of gaining it. (b) Businesses that are interested in supporting a non-profit organisation all indicated that they required more information about the organisation to investigate whether or not it is worth while. (c) Local media coverage does not extend out the community, leaving the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children as another non-profit organisation that hardly anyone pays attention to. 1.3.6 Three broad general aims for the campaign (a) The first phase of this communication campaign would therefore be to raise awareness about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. Time frame: throughout the campaign- April 2013 to December 2013. (b) The second phase would then be to revamp all previous internal advertising and marketing to ensure that the corporate image is the same throughout in order for credible businesses to take an active interest and hopeful partnership. Time limit would be 4 months. (c) As the third and final phase of this campaign, this aim would be to do viral marketing about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children where all media coverage would go further afield than just locally in Ivory Park by the end of 2013. 2 PHASE 2: CREATE 2.1 Stipulate the communication problem or opportunity (According to Angelopulo and Barker, 2013: 461-469) 2.1.1 Formulate the main communication problem or opportunity As there is not a large awareness about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, fundraising is difficult and needs to be addressed. 2.1.2 The need to conduct this campaign Without funding, the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children will fail, leaving thirty-two children disadvantaged and hundreds of other challenged children on the waiting list without hope for a better life. 2.1.3 What the campaign aims to achieve To raise awareness amongst Pretoria business owners that are potential sponsors and donors. 2.2 Define strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats 2.2.1 Describe three audience characteristics The audiences’ needs are to have an understanding of what the non-profit organisation does so that they can decide whether their company will be a suitable match. The audiences’ perceptions of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children will influence whether or not they are willing to donate based on previous knowledge. Attitudes of the audience in terms of donating to non-profit organisations depend on any dealing in the past with charities and how their money was used. 2.2.2 Define the needs of the audience The audience needs to know more about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. They need to know what their money will be used for specifically. They need to have an open, two-way communication channel with the organisation. They need to be constantly updated and reminded about these children’s needs through the media. 2.2.3 SWOT analysis According to Angelopulo and Barker, (2013:322), the SWOT analysis is of the â€Å"organisation† itself- where the â€Å"strengths and weaknesses are internal factors†, with â€Å"external categories being the opportunities and threats†. (a) Strengths Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children has access to basic services namely: electricity, water sanitation and a doctor’s room/surgery next door. They are fully supported by the surrounding community of Ivory Park. Their facilities contains two fully equipped dormitories, stimulation area, equipped kitchen and office, an inviting reception area, playground for the children, as well as a large hall that can be used multi-purposively. (b) Weaknesses The home needs more physio equipment for needed stimulation for the children. They do not have sufficient rehabilitation and medical equipment. They need to develop an adequate stimulation programme that meets the needs of the various age groups. Need a trained physiotherapist and speech therapist. (c) Opportunities The facility contains a large enough area for care-giver training for current employees as well as trainees. They can develop their service centre into a training centre for young people with mental and physical disabilities. (d) Threats Some parents do not support their children, leaving the home struggling to cover the extra costs that should have been taken care of. As there is a low awareness level, people further afield from Ivory Park rarely donate. (e) Problem As the area has no other facility to help take in these children, Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is the only safe place, leaving it in high demand, with too little space to accommodate such a high intake. 2.3 Determine the campaign topic The â€Å"help children that are abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped† campaign will promote awareness and raise funds amongst various target audiences. 2.4 Formulate strategic communication objectives 2.4.1 To raise awareness through various media about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children throughout the campaign- April 2013 to December 2013. 2.4.2 To educate the target audience about the needs of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children throughout the communication campaign running from April 2013 to December 2013. 2.4.3 To raise funds for the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children by spreading knowledge about their needs through different communication mediums. 2.5 Create the communication message 2.5.1 Formulate the â€Å"big idea† The â€Å"help children that are abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped† campaign is designed to raise awareness and increase funding for the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children by targeting mainly Pretoria based business owners who can donate significantly. 2.5.2 Message approach The approach used is emotional as the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children are in need for care and support, and no rational reasoning can put a price limit on that. It will also appeal to the business’ public relations departments as they should want their community to perceive them as giving and caring for the children of the community, which will also benefit them. 2.5.3 Different ways of presenting your message Theoretically the information produced will be emotional yet contain factual, demonstrative and testimonial information about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. The billboard is a short message appealing emotionally to passers-by to put themselves in the children’s’ place, while he Facebook advert contains factual information about the children and their need for funding. The poster is eye-catching and more a demonstration on how would you feel if you had to rely on the support of others, leaving the newspaper advertisement as testimonial of the trials faced by these children and creates awareness of their funding dilemma. 2.5.4 Communication mix The use of the home’s own logo design is the most specific and best way to portray its internal communication as its marketing remains consistent in every form of media used. Billboard advertising is an excellent medium to portray an integrated internal communication of the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. Page 14 Facebook adverts are an online communication tool specifically aimed at online users in a company. Posters integrate different element of emotional aspects that appeal to people, leaving them wanting to help in any way  possible. Newspaper advertisements is a traditional marketing tool that also contains a link for further information online if wanted. 2.6 Select the media 2.6.1 Medium one: billboard (a) This medium was selected because it will reach a larger target audience subconsciously, and business owners who are looking to contribute to charities will remember the billboard. (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: Hundreds of people driving daily. Frequency: Everyday on the N1 North. Impact: Passengers will read it and interest will be created, while drivers can glimpse it and hopeful awareness for later research to be done will result. 2.6.2 Medium two: Facebook advert (a) This medium was selected as many internet users have a Facebook accounts and adverts online will reach people all over the world who may pass it on to their employers seeking a non-profit organisation to donate to. (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: Everyone online with Facebook will receive it. Frequency: Every 30 minutes to pop up. Impact: People will see this advert and greater awareness will be created and hopefully more interest will occur, resulting in a viral word of mouth spread over the internet, possibly reaching people who can help. 2.6.3 Medium three: posters (at universities) (a) This medium was selected as many university students are encouraged to be more actively involved in the community and in charities, as well as may raise further awareness in future projects. Page 15 (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: All students on campus will see it. Frequency: Students to and fro from classes. Impact: Students who are caring will pay attention to these posters and will further raise awareness about the home and may even help themselves. 2.6.4 Medium four: newspaper advertisement (a) This medium was selected as many business owners based in Pretoria read these newspapers for general knowledge about the country and daily issues that may influence the running of their businesses. (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: All Sunday Times and Pretoria News newspaper readers. Frequency: Every day and every Sunday. Impact: Readers will gain increased awareness to enable them to enact further. 2.7 Produce the communication material (For the purpose of seeing the media activities as a whole, they will start on the next page.) Page 16 2.7.1 Design the four activities Billboard HOW WOULD YOU FEEL IF YOU WERE APART OF THE Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children Abandoned, Abused, Orphaned, Handicapped HELP THEM, HELP YOURSELF Facebook Advert The Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is a place of safety for disabled and abused children. They need support from the South African community to ensure that these abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped children carry on receiving the supportive lifestyle they need and deserve. Help now through donating for this great cause of keeping our children safe. YOU can be that difference in THEIR lives Poster Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children Awareness Campaign: Fundraising for CHILDREN in need. How would YOU feel- ABANDONED†¦ ORPHENED†¦ ABUSED†¦ HANDICAPPED†¦ YOU would also want a place of refuge†¦ HELP NOW- contact: Mr.Solly Khuthama on: (011) 261 1868 Newspaper Advertisement Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is a non-profit organisation that is in ever constant need of support from the South African community. Will YOU be the difference in the lives of these abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped children? 2.7.2 Explain how each activity contributes to the â€Å"big idea† Each media contains the phrase â€Å"help children that are abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped† which is the ‘big idea’ for this communication campaign. 1. The billboard’s meaning to catch passers-by’s attention to raise awareness for the children of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. By  helping them, you help yourself be a better person by society’s standards. 2. The Facebook advert is aimed at creating awareness about funding needed for the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children and how these special children need help for the readers. 3. The poster helps raise awareness and educates viewers of the ‘big idea’ through its catch phrases emboldened, catching attention to remind people of others’ needs other than their own. 4. The newspaper advertisement contributes to the ‘big idea’ as it appeals emot ionally through the catch phrase, asking people to help donate to ensure the children’s’ safety. 2.8 Proof of authenticity Please refer to APPENDIX C SOURCES CONSULTED Books Advertising and Public Relations. 2012. Only Study Guide for COM3708. Pretoria: UNISA Advertising and Public Relations, COM3708, Tutorial Letter 101/3/2013. Department of Communication Sciences. Pretoria: UNISA Angelopulo, GC & Barker, R. (eds). 2013. Integrated organisational communication. Lansdowne: Juta. CMNALLE Tutorial Letter 301/4/2013 APPENDIX A Dear Miss Mpho and Mr. Solly, I wish to confirm the telephonic conversation and the subsequent meeting that took place. During the interview which took place on Thursday, 4th April 2013, at your offices, the following was agreed upon:- The communication campaign will focus specifically on raising awareness about your organization and its need for urgent funding. This will be accomplished through the following proposed steps:- a Your organization and where this community is situated. b Creating the proposed campaign through identifying the different key issues faced by the Tumelo Children Home. c 4x media draft versions to create public awareness of your plight. As I am a student of UNISA, I will not be implementing my research unfortunately, yet your organization will receive exposure through the interviews and questionnaires I will conduct during this time, about peoples’ and companies’ awareness of your home, and its many needs associated with the care of handicapped children. You are welcome to use any of my planning and research to assist you in any way you deem fit. If you do decide to use any of my suggestions and recommendations, I would be grateful if you would let me know what section/s you have used and the outcomes thereof as this will help me with future work. Any photography used in this portfolio is strictly confidential and anonymous, with only the marker/s of UNISA, my internal lecturer and myself seeing them, and will in no way be used in any manner unbefitting and will be used only with your consent. Thank you again for your willingness to work together with me and the sharing of your information. I will send the finished product if you so wish. I look forward to working with you both and if you have any other questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Please accept my grateful thanks for consenting to see me and for the time spend discussing my proposals. APPENDIX B N.P.O. 016 874 The following questionnaire is specifically for the use of a UNISA portfolio about an integrated communication campaign based on the ‘Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children’. The recorded results are completely anonymous. Please circle the correct option where relevant. What is your position in your company? Owner Director APPENDIX C N.P.O. 016 874 PBO 930018541 08 April 2013 To Whom It May Concern Cara Grater Tumelo Home is situated in Ivory Park settlement .MIDRAND, it is a home for profound mentally and physically handicapped children, 75% of our children are either abandoned, orphaned or abused from home, at present Tumelo Home is catering for 100%, black and disadvantaged children with severe mental retardation and physical disabilities. TUMELO HOME has created 20 job opportunities to previously disadvantaged persons (amongst them is 17 women, 1 person with disability). We hereby authorise the above student to use our organisation to do her school project. She is a warm person and dedicated. During our interview, she was coming up with exciting ideas and she showed initiative. We were please to have met her and are very honoured to help her, so that she can help us. As an organisation, we feel that the communication campaign will be helpful because as an NGO we need exposure and for people to know about the kind of people we are taking care of, to learn about their condition and be able to appreciate them. So we feel like this project is going to be a great help to us. M.S. Khuthama[Manager] Rev. H.S. Mpshe [Chairman] Dr. G.M. Thindisa [Dep-chairman] T.M Malatji [Treasurer] E. shadung [Secretary] R. Madibogo[Dep-Secretary] B. Matlala, M.B. Lefophana Page 25 N.P.O. 016 874 PBO 930018541 For any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us. Yours sincerely, Mr. Solly. M .Khuthama TUMELO HOME MANAGER M.S. Khuthama[Manager] Rev. H.S. Mpshe [Chairman] Dr. G.M. Thindisa [Dep-chairman] T.M Malatji [Treasurer] E. shadung [Secretary] R. Madibogo[Dep-Secretary] B. Matlala, M.B. Lefophana Page 26 APPENDIX D; E Above: View of Ivory Park- Midrand Below: Close up of Ivory Park- Midrand

Political commentator Essay

Inspector Goole is an ingenious character; manipulated by Priestley to display many functions within the play, as he is used as a political commentator, universal inquisitor and truth seeker. -Many people view Inspector Goole as a representative for political and moral value, but overall, he is just a mere dramatic device, used for the purpose of delivering Priestley’s opinion across to the audience, in the context of a domestic backdrop. The audience becomes first aquatinted with the character of Inspector Goole, when he enters the play at the beginning of Act One. -During this arrival, the Inspector interrupts Mr. Birling in midst of his pro-capitalist speech, thus disrupting the pretentious calm of middle-class luxury displayed before. -Mr. Birling, who represents the Capitalist opinion in full, speaks extremely arrogantly, as he believes that all knowledge and experience is held within his grasp:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ve learnt in a good hard school of experience – that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own – and – †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mr Birling, act one). -Through this, Mr Birling shows that he is a Capitalist, and is one who feels that he has to take many risks to keep hold of his aesthetic power in status and money. He uses the speech to reveal all of his secrets and predictions around living life to the full, and in mid-flight of this, is rudely interrupted by the doorbell ringing. This doorbell acts as a dramatic device and medium for Inspector Goole’s entrance. – It’s shrewd disturbance, possibly acting as a symbol for his disagreement in ethics, but also, the lack of respect for Mr Birling’s Capitalist beliefs. Mr Birling is immediately phased by this impertinence, as just the Inspector’s presence stops him from carrying on. The audience knows at this point that Birling isn’t the great ‘power figure’ that he made himself out to be and in fact, someone far greater has taken his dominating role for good. – The Inspector is now ‘number one’. At first, the other characters are completely unaware of the Inspector’s purpose within the play, as though they don’t realise there is something to hide from. However, this arrogance and disregard for others is soon transformed, as they become conscious of the brutal truth of what they have done. Sheila and Eric become vividly changed, whereas the somewhat stubborn Mr and Mrs Birling remain seemingly callous within their original Capitalist views: – but even with their supposed ‘unchanged opinions’, the effect of Inspector Goole steel haunts them, as all the characters will never be the same. The overall impression that surrounds Inspector Goole throughout the whole play is that of mystery and superior presence. This notion is partly created by the Inspector’s manner but also his name, ‘Goole’, which is obviously an inference to mythical creatures of the medieval times, by the name of ‘Ghouls’. This similarity could just be a mere coincidence, but I think it is a metaphor, used to describe the Inspector’s mystical character in short. Ghouls by legend are mysterious, magical creatures that are associated with death; and through this comparison, (plus the Inspector’s style of just appearing with immediate authority), the same can be said about him. – Priestley ultimately wanted to create a presence of â€Å"massiveness, solidity and purposefulness† (directional notes, Act one) and through the Inspector’s deliberate name, manner and timing, he has created just that.  Paragraph 4 – The Inspector’s function as a Protagonist – 1st Re-Draft  The most influential role of the Inspector and perhaps the most crucial in setting up his political authority within the play, is his imminent function as a ‘Protagonist’. In this role, Priestley has allowed the Inspector’s character to immediately hold power and influence over the plot, thus giving him enough status to later deliver a political opinion to the audience. The first indication of the great power Inspector Goole has within the play, is only given upon his entrance into the plot, as it is then and only then, that the main proceedings are allowed to unfold. The audience is instantly left in suspense as they await the Inspector’s motive for coming to the Birling household on such a joyous occasion. – Although he immediately reveals his intentions: â€Å"I’d like some information, if you don’t mind†(The Inspector, Act one), they know he wants more. This mere ‘information’ is all too trivial for Priestley to make such an atmosphere around the Inspector and thus, it is not viewed upon as just a light-hearted inquiry, but far more. The audience realises that the Inspector has immense power – even enough to disrupt people of higher class; therefore they know he is here to reveal something life changing – something important, and they won’t stop watching until they find out exactly what. Throughout the play, Inspector Goole is the dominating character, as he leads the proceedings through immense interrogation. Every action he takes part in changes the reactions of the other characters, as he continually delivers Priestley’s socialist opinion across to the audience. Before the Inspector enters though, Mr. Birling fulfils this role, as he roams through the dominion of a middle-class celebration, in flare of his true Capitalist mind. However, Birling’s power is only temperamental, as it is immediately transferred to the Inspector as soon as he arrives into the plot. This switching of power and purpose between Inspector Goole and Mr Birling upsets the overall equilibrium of the play. The contrast of reign is thus shown vividly, as the pretentious calm of Capitalist wealth is rapidly morphed into the blunt truth of socialism. Priestley emphasises this change in mood specifically in his directional notes at the beginning of Act One:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lighting should be pink and intimate until the Inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder† (Directional notes). This change in light signifies the transferral of power between characters, but also the transformation of the plot’s tone. It shows that during Inspector Goole’s entrance, the barrier of higher-class wealth does not matter, as he holds the power where no one can hide. ‘Light’ in religious terms is a symbol for truth, and I think that this ‘brighter’ light in the directional notes is a sign of the honesty in Inspector Goole, as Priestley shows the Inspector’s beliefs to be pure and genuine.  Later on in the plot, after the Inspector has left, the other characters are close to restoring the equilibrium to how it previously was. They try to gain power back and delude themselves into thinking that the Inspector’s existence was merely a hoax: â€Å"There isn’t any such Inspector. We’ve been had.† (Gerald, Act three).  The characters are purely interested in just their own statuses and therefore, try to make up excuses of why Inspector Goole’s testament is not valid, so that in the end they can go about their lives, un-affected. However, the Inspector’s power was so great and commanding, that Sheila and Eric are transformed and therefore, can not let the Inspector’s morals go on forgotten. In the end, they stand up for what they believe, and in agreement with the Inspector they allow his reign to have justice until the very end – the equilibrium of which, does not return.