The Birthplace Of The Industrial Revolution History Essay

The Birthplace Of The Industrial Revolution History Essay The Industrial Revolution started during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Great Britain. It then spread to the rest of Europe, North America and finally to the whole of the world. As luck would have it, of the western Civilized nations, Great Britain was already a world power (thanks to the English Navy) but the reason is that its an island nation. As an island nation, and no recent invasions upon their soil, there was nothing to disrupt progress. The U.S. was still learning and growing, having not yet discovered fully its own borders and interior, was behind (but closely so) Great Britain. There were so many theories on how the Industrial Revolution started in Britain. Yet there were a lot of main contributes to it. Growth of population and inventions was a main effect because it brought in more people and ideas. Others were good natural resources and agriculture and help of the overseas trade. Population, of course, had a big impact on the Industrial Revolution because as more people come into the Britain area, theyre more than likely going to need a job. The rising population, especially in the cities, did two things to further the Industrial Revolution. The first was that it created a better and growing group of labor. More people were ready and able to fill up the increasing job market. The following most important thing is that a growing population caused a greater insist for products that were being formed. Many famers found it hard to live due to the fact of new machines coming about, so they moved to the cities to find work. The enclosure movement required small farmers to either take up tenant or move to cities and become part of the urban labor force. (Martin, 230) Job openings and more chances helped increase the economy of the Industrial Revolution. More people meant more money, food, and a simpler lifestyle. More scientists that did well in studies encouraged m ore people to get into the science industry that will later lead to the Industrial Revolution. The growing population during the Industrial Revolution as well helped business to produce more good and products for customers. Population growth tended to lower the relative price of manufactured goods and real wages, thus not likely to have stimulated a search for labor-saving innovations. (Mokyr, 24) The British brought in more slaves to work on their land. The slaves grew products that were in turn sold on to Britain. The rapid development of English industry has been attributed to the exploration of colonial people and the profit wrung from the slave trade. (Ashton, 123-126) The capture of overseas markets, one after another, until England became the workshop of the world. Britain had a lot of supplies of their own. But the ones they didnt have, the borrowed from their many other colonies; which were loyal customers too. Their vast empire allowed them to import raw materials from the colonies to factories at home, and export the finished products back to the colonies. This spurred industrialization in the British Isles. now an entirely new spirit, that of the New World, was to sweep eastward overseas and along with the new forces generated from active and regular contact with orient, transform, and revivify Europe. (Gillespie, 27) The Americas helped big time to contribute to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. foreign trade, especially trade with the Americas was the very center of the English development process. (Ashton, 13-14) Progress in transportation is a reason of the Industrial Revolution because without better transport relations, Britain wou ld not have been able to trade with the other colonies. The improvement of oceangoing transport was very significant because trade was becoming a very commercial source of profits for England. Also, people were becoming wealthier; therefore they could come up with the money to buy new inventions. Wealthy people put in money into new ideas so they would make a benefit if it were successful. This is a main reason of the Industrial revolution since without it; Britain would not have had as much money to use on things such as transport and inventions. The trade triangle was skillful because the ships never sailed empty and people made lots of money. The owners of these ships made lots of profits due to the low labor cost. The trade triangle formed a market for the factory owners in Britain, selling their products overseas. New well-developed inventions can always open a door to success. Business people invested in the manufacture of new inventions. New inventions and machinery also made work faster than before. These new inventions included: banking systems, flying shuttles, spinning jenny, water frames, and cotton mills. Their development of the banking systems also contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Cash and freedom, England was the first country to have its own independent bank (the bank of England) it also was the only nation with the means to raise more cash and investments from across the country and the rest of Europe (The London stock exchange) People did not want to physically do their work themselves for the rest of their lives. During the Industrial Revolution, Europe shifted from an economy based on agriculture and handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines and automated factories. (Duiker, 405) Britain had loads of coal to use for their excellent ideas because they would use wood to heat their homes. The British soon had ideas about change for themselves. Their government also favored the change. Roads, ports and bridges played an important role in developing an industrialized nation. The products made by these factories were passed to other markets around the world by roads and rivers. Canals soon became the next most important thing to the cities. When George Stephenson made steam engine that could carry on rails which is later called railroads. After that they linked cities all over the world. The sustained growth agriculture productivity during this period led to the fall in prices of agricultural products. Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution because of its power and resources. The small island country had extensive natural resources. These natural resources included: water power and coal to fuel the new machines, iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings, rivers for inland transportation, and harbors from which merchant ships set sail. Agriculture in Britain at the time was a main factor of the Industrial Revolution. Among all of the changes occurring at the time, agriculture and farming families changed as well. Cotton was an important item at the time. John Kays flying shuttle made clothes twice as much than usual. This was known as the textile industry. Iron wares and later of cotton played vital part in the building of those industries to the point where technical change transform their momentum of growth. (Davis, 393) Agriculture relea sed labor to industry during this period. The success of England was fundamentally based on the transformation of the agriculture and on major increase in agricultural activities. (Smit, 61-63) Economic growth continued to spread during the 19th century, and still spreading today. The Industrial Revolution reached other parts of Europe and the United States in the 1800s. In the 1900s, it reached Asia. Eventually, the causes of the British Industrial Revolution can be put down to a number of factors; Extending from new technologies, environmental, resources and economic reasons.Overall, with such factors it cannot be considered a surprise that Britain embraced industry. For location, resources, and transport networks all favored Britain and their empire; resulting in a large share of manufacturing output for Britain by the mid 19th century.

Advertising and Public Relations Portfolio Essay

1.Write a report on experience with regards to approaching the organisation First contact was via telephone where I set up an interview time with Mr. Solly Khuthama. The contact was very positive and he was supportive and understanding with the need for this campaign. Once at the Tumelo Children’s Home, I met with Miss Mpho who was also very helpful with fully answering all my questions about the organisation, as well as professional. How did the organisation respond to the request They were both very positive and looked forward to the finished communication campaign. Any information I needed was fully provided through open communication channels. Establishing a working relationship with the organisation It was decided in the interview that all further communication would be done telephonically and via e-mails between either Mr. Solly or Miss Mpho. As all questions were answered during the interview period, only the letters to and from the organisation, as required, were to be followed up on. Please refer to APPENDIX A and C. Identifying the communicator for the campaign The communicators of Tumelo Children’s Home are both Mr Solly and Miss Mpho on behalf of the entire organisation as Mr. Solly is the manager and Miss Mpho is the admin clerk/receptionist and they both oversee the entire running of the centre. 1.2 Identify the target audience (According to Integrated Organisational Communication text book, 2013:459) 1.2.1 Problem statement for the research To establish financial support and raise awareness about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. 1.2.2 Sub-problems a) To raise awareness amongst potential sponsors in Pretoria who are business owners. It contributes to solving the main problem as most of the business in Pretoria do not know about this organisation and cannot help without any previous knowledge of its needs. b) To find out the potential business owners’ needs (in the Pretoria area) and communication expectations of the organisation- if willing to deal with Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. This will help solve the main problem as when the businesses have all the information about the home, then further steps can be taken to ensure that all funding and support offered is used as desired. c) To educate potential donors’ in the Pretoria area through the use of different medias about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. This will contribute positively due to increased awareness through a larger media coverage than previously, and inform the potential Pretoria donors about the organisation in its entirety. 1.2.3 Research questions a) Research question 1: What is the current awareness of the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, with Pretoria based business owners? b) Research question 2: If willing to deal with the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, what would the potential business owners needs’ be? c) Research question 3: What media could be used to educate potential donors about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children? 1.2.4 Unit of analysis Since the focus of the communication campaign is on business owners in the Pretoria area, the unit of analysis will be on these individuals, as they will be the receivers of the questionnaires. 1.2.5 Population(s) The target population identified for this study is of various Pretoria based businesses, while the accessible population is only the business owners that agree to meet up to take the questionnaire. 1.2.6 Sampling procedures Random sampling: questionnaires were sent out to various business owners via online methods, such as Facebook and e-mails, as well as telephonically through references given by employees, in a cross sectional manner of industry. 1.2.7 Methodology and measuring instrument Quantitative methodology is used as it more focused on the quantity of answers rather than the quality of the answers received. The measuring instrument used are questionnaires which answer specific questions of the desired target audience that are easy to complete and non-confusing. Please see APPENDIX B for questionnaire. Percentages of companies willing to support a non-profit organisation: 5 of the 9 participants indicated willingness to consider supporting (if more information could be obtained), leaving a total of 35.7% willing. Awareness of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children: 85% had indeed not heard of this home, leaving 14.3% (2 persons) having prior knowledge before the questionnaire. Information heard: The first person indicated that the information previously heard was abstract, while the other said that the information shared about the home sounded negative as the children need so much still. Preferred communication medium: 100% stated E-mail as their preferred communication medium. Preferred media medium Please note for the preferred medium: Many participants chose more than one option with preferred media mediums. 6 of the 14 participants indicated that they would prefer the website as a media medium, yet as the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children has a website already, I changed their selection to a newspaper advertisement as I want to create broader knowledge through media mediums not yet explored before. 1.2.9 Audience segmentation Demographics was provided for as one question asked for the situation of the company, as the questionnaire was specifically aimed at the Pretoria area, yet provision was provided for other areas. Another question was to find out whether or not the company would be willing to invest in the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, to know the percentages that the communication campaign should be aimed at, and what their specific needs would be for this to occur. 1.2.10 Self-reflection (a) I discovered that the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children lacks coverage as most of the audience members had never heard of them before. (b) The extent that I predicted the results was a surprise as I believed that other forms of media mediums would be chosen, yet were not. (c) It was worthwhile in conducting the research as now the communication  campaign manager knows that there is a dire need of this awareness campaign and what media to use to get the word out as indicated by personal preferences of the random audiences. (d) The research could influence the way in which this communication campaign is planned due to the results indicating an exact percentage of awareness in which demographic areas, as well as showing that while the communications manager would prefer to use a Twitter handle for example, the audience prefers Facebook as an online means of marketing. Page 8 1.3 Analyse the situation and identify campaign aims 1.3.1 Historical review and forecast The historical background of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children: the home was opened in 1996 by Dr. Moses and Mrs. Orina Thindisa when Mr. Moses saw the many difficulties faced by the parents and families of these handicapped children. Driven by a love for the children in need, the facility was open in Ivory Park, Midrand. While it was originally opened as a centre for the children during daytime working hours, many of the parents abandoned their children and were never heard from again, leaving the two founders in a difficult situation, yet they persevered and the home operates on a 24 hour basis ever since. It now houses 32 children from which about seventy per cent are either orphaned, abandoned and previously abused. Since this is the old home for children with special needs, the waiting list contains around 250 applicants, coming from further afield than Ivory Park. Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children’s forecast is to therefore gain enough fun ds to expand the home to cater for the many needs of so many special children that still need the attention, facilities and activities that they do not receive unless admitted. 1.3.2 Social, political and economic environment (a) The social environment is very supportive on the home as the community volunteers, looks after the security of the facility and helps out when possible. (b) The political environment affects the home as the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is funded by grants from the  government currently. Parents of the children residing within the home’s walls are asked to pay R500.00- which is given to them by the government as children’s grants. (c) The economic environment does affect Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children as shortage of jobs results in that some of the parents neglect to pay their fee and rather use the government grants for themselves, leaving the home at a loss, whilst facing food and other cost increases. 1.3.3 Competitors Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children does not have any competitors and have children from afar as Alexandria and Soweto needing space due to this lack of competition. 1.3.4 Describe the organization and its culture Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is extremely clean and the interior is cheerful and bright. It is clearly a place well taken care of and the caretakers truly have a passion for the well-being of the children. Culturally, the community has committed to the centre and looks out for the security of the grounds, are regular volunteers and help out where they can, leaving an impression that this facility is very family and community orientated. Please refer to APPENDIXES D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M for photographs of the organisation. 1.3.5 Identify three issues based on the research results and situation analysis that are relevant for the campaign (a) There is not broad awareness about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, leaving the home in dire need of financial sponsorship with no feasible way of gaining it. (b) Businesses that are interested in supporting a non-profit organisation all indicated that they required more information about the organisation to investigate whether or not it is worth while. (c) Local media coverage does not extend out the community, leaving the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children as another non-profit organisation that hardly anyone pays attention to. 1.3.6 Three broad general aims for the campaign (a) The first phase of this communication campaign would therefore be to raise awareness about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. Time frame: throughout the campaign- April 2013 to December 2013. (b) The second phase would then be to revamp all previous internal advertising and marketing to ensure that the corporate image is the same throughout in order for credible businesses to take an active interest and hopeful partnership. Time limit would be 4 months. (c) As the third and final phase of this campaign, this aim would be to do viral marketing about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children where all media coverage would go further afield than just locally in Ivory Park by the end of 2013. 2 PHASE 2: CREATE 2.1 Stipulate the communication problem or opportunity (According to Angelopulo and Barker, 2013: 461-469) 2.1.1 Formulate the main communication problem or opportunity As there is not a large awareness about the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children, fundraising is difficult and needs to be addressed. 2.1.2 The need to conduct this campaign Without funding, the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children will fail, leaving thirty-two children disadvantaged and hundreds of other challenged children on the waiting list without hope for a better life. 2.1.3 What the campaign aims to achieve To raise awareness amongst Pretoria business owners that are potential sponsors and donors. 2.2 Define strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats 2.2.1 Describe three audience characteristics The audiences’ needs are to have an understanding of what the non-profit organisation does so that they can decide whether their company will be a suitable match. The audiences’ perceptions of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children will influence whether or not they are willing to donate based on previous knowledge. Attitudes of the audience in terms of donating to non-profit organisations depend on any dealing in the past with charities and how their money was used. 2.2.2 Define the needs of the audience The audience needs to know more about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. They need to know what their money will be used for specifically. They need to have an open, two-way communication channel with the organisation. They need to be constantly updated and reminded about these children’s needs through the media. 2.2.3 SWOT analysis According to Angelopulo and Barker, (2013:322), the SWOT analysis is of the â€Å"organisation† itself- where the â€Å"strengths and weaknesses are internal factors†, with â€Å"external categories being the opportunities and threats†. (a) Strengths Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children has access to basic services namely: electricity, water sanitation and a doctor’s room/surgery next door. They are fully supported by the surrounding community of Ivory Park. Their facilities contains two fully equipped dormitories, stimulation area, equipped kitchen and office, an inviting reception area, playground for the children, as well as a large hall that can be used multi-purposively. (b) Weaknesses The home needs more physio equipment for needed stimulation for the children. They do not have sufficient rehabilitation and medical equipment. They need to develop an adequate stimulation programme that meets the needs of the various age groups. Need a trained physiotherapist and speech therapist. (c) Opportunities The facility contains a large enough area for care-giver training for current employees as well as trainees. They can develop their service centre into a training centre for young people with mental and physical disabilities. (d) Threats Some parents do not support their children, leaving the home struggling to cover the extra costs that should have been taken care of. As there is a low awareness level, people further afield from Ivory Park rarely donate. (e) Problem As the area has no other facility to help take in these children, Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is the only safe place, leaving it in high demand, with too little space to accommodate such a high intake. 2.3 Determine the campaign topic The â€Å"help children that are abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped† campaign will promote awareness and raise funds amongst various target audiences. 2.4 Formulate strategic communication objectives 2.4.1 To raise awareness through various media about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children throughout the campaign- April 2013 to December 2013. 2.4.2 To educate the target audience about the needs of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children throughout the communication campaign running from April 2013 to December 2013. 2.4.3 To raise funds for the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children by spreading knowledge about their needs through different communication mediums. 2.5 Create the communication message 2.5.1 Formulate the â€Å"big idea† The â€Å"help children that are abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped† campaign is designed to raise awareness and increase funding for the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children by targeting mainly Pretoria based business owners who can donate significantly. 2.5.2 Message approach The approach used is emotional as the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children are in need for care and support, and no rational reasoning can put a price limit on that. It will also appeal to the business’ public relations departments as they should want their community to perceive them as giving and caring for the children of the community, which will also benefit them. 2.5.3 Different ways of presenting your message Theoretically the information produced will be emotional yet contain factual, demonstrative and testimonial information about Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. The billboard is a short message appealing emotionally to passers-by to put themselves in the children’s’ place, while he Facebook advert contains factual information about the children and their need for funding. The poster is eye-catching and more a demonstration on how would you feel if you had to rely on the support of others, leaving the newspaper advertisement as testimonial of the trials faced by these children and creates awareness of their funding dilemma. 2.5.4 Communication mix The use of the home’s own logo design is the most specific and best way to portray its internal communication as its marketing remains consistent in every form of media used. Billboard advertising is an excellent medium to portray an integrated internal communication of the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. Page 14 Facebook adverts are an online communication tool specifically aimed at online users in a company. Posters integrate different element of emotional aspects that appeal to people, leaving them wanting to help in any way  possible. Newspaper advertisements is a traditional marketing tool that also contains a link for further information online if wanted. 2.6 Select the media 2.6.1 Medium one: billboard (a) This medium was selected because it will reach a larger target audience subconsciously, and business owners who are looking to contribute to charities will remember the billboard. (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: Hundreds of people driving daily. Frequency: Everyday on the N1 North. Impact: Passengers will read it and interest will be created, while drivers can glimpse it and hopeful awareness for later research to be done will result. 2.6.2 Medium two: Facebook advert (a) This medium was selected as many internet users have a Facebook accounts and adverts online will reach people all over the world who may pass it on to their employers seeking a non-profit organisation to donate to. (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: Everyone online with Facebook will receive it. Frequency: Every 30 minutes to pop up. Impact: People will see this advert and greater awareness will be created and hopefully more interest will occur, resulting in a viral word of mouth spread over the internet, possibly reaching people who can help. 2.6.3 Medium three: posters (at universities) (a) This medium was selected as many university students are encouraged to be more actively involved in the community and in charities, as well as may raise further awareness in future projects. Page 15 (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: All students on campus will see it. Frequency: Students to and fro from classes. Impact: Students who are caring will pay attention to these posters and will further raise awareness about the home and may even help themselves. 2.6.4 Medium four: newspaper advertisement (a) This medium was selected as many business owners based in Pretoria read these newspapers for general knowledge about the country and daily issues that may influence the running of their businesses. (b) It contributes to internal integration through: Reach: All Sunday Times and Pretoria News newspaper readers. Frequency: Every day and every Sunday. Impact: Readers will gain increased awareness to enable them to enact further. 2.7 Produce the communication material (For the purpose of seeing the media activities as a whole, they will start on the next page.) Page 16 2.7.1 Design the four activities Billboard HOW WOULD YOU FEEL IF YOU WERE APART OF THE Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children Abandoned, Abused, Orphaned, Handicapped HELP THEM, HELP YOURSELF Facebook Advert The Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is a place of safety for disabled and abused children. They need support from the South African community to ensure that these abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped children carry on receiving the supportive lifestyle they need and deserve. Help now through donating for this great cause of keeping our children safe. YOU can be that difference in THEIR lives Poster Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children Awareness Campaign: Fundraising for CHILDREN in need. How would YOU feel- ABANDONED†¦ ORPHENED†¦ ABUSED†¦ HANDICAPPED†¦ YOU would also want a place of refuge†¦ HELP NOW- contact: Mr.Solly Khuthama on: (011) 261 1868 Newspaper Advertisement Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children is a non-profit organisation that is in ever constant need of support from the South African community. Will YOU be the difference in the lives of these abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped children? 2.7.2 Explain how each activity contributes to the â€Å"big idea† Each media contains the phrase â€Å"help children that are abandoned, abused, orphaned and handicapped† which is the ‘big idea’ for this communication campaign. 1. The billboard’s meaning to catch passers-by’s attention to raise awareness for the children of Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children. By  helping them, you help yourself be a better person by society’s standards. 2. The Facebook advert is aimed at creating awareness about funding needed for the Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children and how these special children need help for the readers. 3. The poster helps raise awareness and educates viewers of the ‘big idea’ through its catch phrases emboldened, catching attention to remind people of others’ needs other than their own. 4. The newspaper advertisement contributes to the ‘big idea’ as it appeals emot ionally through the catch phrase, asking people to help donate to ensure the children’s’ safety. 2.8 Proof of authenticity Please refer to APPENDIX C SOURCES CONSULTED Books Advertising and Public Relations. 2012. Only Study Guide for COM3708. Pretoria: UNISA Advertising and Public Relations, COM3708, Tutorial Letter 101/3/2013. Department of Communication Sciences. Pretoria: UNISA Angelopulo, GC & Barker, R. (eds). 2013. Integrated organisational communication. Lansdowne: Juta. CMNALLE Tutorial Letter 301/4/2013 APPENDIX A Dear Miss Mpho and Mr. Solly, I wish to confirm the telephonic conversation and the subsequent meeting that took place. During the interview which took place on Thursday, 4th April 2013, at your offices, the following was agreed upon:- The communication campaign will focus specifically on raising awareness about your organization and its need for urgent funding. This will be accomplished through the following proposed steps:- a Your organization and where this community is situated. b Creating the proposed campaign through identifying the different key issues faced by the Tumelo Children Home. c 4x media draft versions to create public awareness of your plight. As I am a student of UNISA, I will not be implementing my research unfortunately, yet your organization will receive exposure through the interviews and questionnaires I will conduct during this time, about peoples’ and companies’ awareness of your home, and its many needs associated with the care of handicapped children. You are welcome to use any of my planning and research to assist you in any way you deem fit. If you do decide to use any of my suggestions and recommendations, I would be grateful if you would let me know what section/s you have used and the outcomes thereof as this will help me with future work. Any photography used in this portfolio is strictly confidential and anonymous, with only the marker/s of UNISA, my internal lecturer and myself seeing them, and will in no way be used in any manner unbefitting and will be used only with your consent. Thank you again for your willingness to work together with me and the sharing of your information. I will send the finished product if you so wish. I look forward to working with you both and if you have any other questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Please accept my grateful thanks for consenting to see me and for the time spend discussing my proposals. APPENDIX B N.P.O. 016 874 The following questionnaire is specifically for the use of a UNISA portfolio about an integrated communication campaign based on the ‘Tumelo Home for the Mentally Handicapped Children’. The recorded results are completely anonymous. Please circle the correct option where relevant. What is your position in your company? Owner Director APPENDIX C N.P.O. 016 874 PBO 930018541 08 April 2013 To Whom It May Concern Cara Grater Tumelo Home is situated in Ivory Park settlement .MIDRAND, it is a home for profound mentally and physically handicapped children, 75% of our children are either abandoned, orphaned or abused from home, at present Tumelo Home is catering for 100%, black and disadvantaged children with severe mental retardation and physical disabilities. TUMELO HOME has created 20 job opportunities to previously disadvantaged persons (amongst them is 17 women, 1 person with disability). We hereby authorise the above student to use our organisation to do her school project. She is a warm person and dedicated. During our interview, she was coming up with exciting ideas and she showed initiative. We were please to have met her and are very honoured to help her, so that she can help us. As an organisation, we feel that the communication campaign will be helpful because as an NGO we need exposure and for people to know about the kind of people we are taking care of, to learn about their condition and be able to appreciate them. So we feel like this project is going to be a great help to us. M.S. Khuthama[Manager] Rev. H.S. Mpshe [Chairman] Dr. G.M. Thindisa [Dep-chairman] T.M Malatji [Treasurer] E. shadung [Secretary] R. Madibogo[Dep-Secretary] B. Matlala, M.B. Lefophana Page 25 N.P.O. 016 874 PBO 930018541 For any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us. Yours sincerely, Mr. Solly. M .Khuthama TUMELO HOME MANAGER M.S. Khuthama[Manager] Rev. H.S. Mpshe [Chairman] Dr. G.M. Thindisa [Dep-chairman] T.M Malatji [Treasurer] E. shadung [Secretary] R. Madibogo[Dep-Secretary] B. Matlala, M.B. Lefophana Page 26 APPENDIX D; E Above: View of Ivory Park- Midrand Below: Close up of Ivory Park- Midrand

Political commentator Essay

Inspector Goole is an ingenious character; manipulated by Priestley to display many functions within the play, as he is used as a political commentator, universal inquisitor and truth seeker. -Many people view Inspector Goole as a representative for political and moral value, but overall, he is just a mere dramatic device, used for the purpose of delivering Priestley’s opinion across to the audience, in the context of a domestic backdrop. The audience becomes first aquatinted with the character of Inspector Goole, when he enters the play at the beginning of Act One. -During this arrival, the Inspector interrupts Mr. Birling in midst of his pro-capitalist speech, thus disrupting the pretentious calm of middle-class luxury displayed before. -Mr. Birling, who represents the Capitalist opinion in full, speaks extremely arrogantly, as he believes that all knowledge and experience is held within his grasp:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ve learnt in a good hard school of experience – that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own – and – †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mr Birling, act one). -Through this, Mr Birling shows that he is a Capitalist, and is one who feels that he has to take many risks to keep hold of his aesthetic power in status and money. He uses the speech to reveal all of his secrets and predictions around living life to the full, and in mid-flight of this, is rudely interrupted by the doorbell ringing. This doorbell acts as a dramatic device and medium for Inspector Goole’s entrance. – It’s shrewd disturbance, possibly acting as a symbol for his disagreement in ethics, but also, the lack of respect for Mr Birling’s Capitalist beliefs. Mr Birling is immediately phased by this impertinence, as just the Inspector’s presence stops him from carrying on. The audience knows at this point that Birling isn’t the great ‘power figure’ that he made himself out to be and in fact, someone far greater has taken his dominating role for good. – The Inspector is now ‘number one’. At first, the other characters are completely unaware of the Inspector’s purpose within the play, as though they don’t realise there is something to hide from. However, this arrogance and disregard for others is soon transformed, as they become conscious of the brutal truth of what they have done. Sheila and Eric become vividly changed, whereas the somewhat stubborn Mr and Mrs Birling remain seemingly callous within their original Capitalist views: – but even with their supposed ‘unchanged opinions’, the effect of Inspector Goole steel haunts them, as all the characters will never be the same. The overall impression that surrounds Inspector Goole throughout the whole play is that of mystery and superior presence. This notion is partly created by the Inspector’s manner but also his name, ‘Goole’, which is obviously an inference to mythical creatures of the medieval times, by the name of ‘Ghouls’. This similarity could just be a mere coincidence, but I think it is a metaphor, used to describe the Inspector’s mystical character in short. Ghouls by legend are mysterious, magical creatures that are associated with death; and through this comparison, (plus the Inspector’s style of just appearing with immediate authority), the same can be said about him. – Priestley ultimately wanted to create a presence of â€Å"massiveness, solidity and purposefulness† (directional notes, Act one) and through the Inspector’s deliberate name, manner and timing, he has created just that.  Paragraph 4 – The Inspector’s function as a Protagonist – 1st Re-Draft  The most influential role of the Inspector and perhaps the most crucial in setting up his political authority within the play, is his imminent function as a ‘Protagonist’. In this role, Priestley has allowed the Inspector’s character to immediately hold power and influence over the plot, thus giving him enough status to later deliver a political opinion to the audience. The first indication of the great power Inspector Goole has within the play, is only given upon his entrance into the plot, as it is then and only then, that the main proceedings are allowed to unfold. The audience is instantly left in suspense as they await the Inspector’s motive for coming to the Birling household on such a joyous occasion. – Although he immediately reveals his intentions: â€Å"I’d like some information, if you don’t mind†(The Inspector, Act one), they know he wants more. This mere ‘information’ is all too trivial for Priestley to make such an atmosphere around the Inspector and thus, it is not viewed upon as just a light-hearted inquiry, but far more. The audience realises that the Inspector has immense power – even enough to disrupt people of higher class; therefore they know he is here to reveal something life changing – something important, and they won’t stop watching until they find out exactly what. Throughout the play, Inspector Goole is the dominating character, as he leads the proceedings through immense interrogation. Every action he takes part in changes the reactions of the other characters, as he continually delivers Priestley’s socialist opinion across to the audience. Before the Inspector enters though, Mr. Birling fulfils this role, as he roams through the dominion of a middle-class celebration, in flare of his true Capitalist mind. However, Birling’s power is only temperamental, as it is immediately transferred to the Inspector as soon as he arrives into the plot. This switching of power and purpose between Inspector Goole and Mr Birling upsets the overall equilibrium of the play. The contrast of reign is thus shown vividly, as the pretentious calm of Capitalist wealth is rapidly morphed into the blunt truth of socialism. Priestley emphasises this change in mood specifically in his directional notes at the beginning of Act One:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lighting should be pink and intimate until the Inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder† (Directional notes). This change in light signifies the transferral of power between characters, but also the transformation of the plot’s tone. It shows that during Inspector Goole’s entrance, the barrier of higher-class wealth does not matter, as he holds the power where no one can hide. ‘Light’ in religious terms is a symbol for truth, and I think that this ‘brighter’ light in the directional notes is a sign of the honesty in Inspector Goole, as Priestley shows the Inspector’s beliefs to be pure and genuine.  Later on in the plot, after the Inspector has left, the other characters are close to restoring the equilibrium to how it previously was. They try to gain power back and delude themselves into thinking that the Inspector’s existence was merely a hoax: â€Å"There isn’t any such Inspector. We’ve been had.† (Gerald, Act three).  The characters are purely interested in just their own statuses and therefore, try to make up excuses of why Inspector Goole’s testament is not valid, so that in the end they can go about their lives, un-affected. However, the Inspector’s power was so great and commanding, that Sheila and Eric are transformed and therefore, can not let the Inspector’s morals go on forgotten. In the end, they stand up for what they believe, and in agreement with the Inspector they allow his reign to have justice until the very end – the equilibrium of which, does not return.

Child Obesity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 296 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Type Descriptive essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Child Obesity Everywhere you look there is a fast food joint. In America it’s all about convenience, but convenience has become hazard to our health. When we as adults have unhealthy eating habit, we hurt ourselves and our children. As a parent it’s important to set good eating habits and be active. There are plenty of statistics available that prove child obesity in America is at epidemic levels. One third of the nation’s children carry to much weight. There are lots of reasons why child obesity in America is on the rise. Doctors say there are two causes in creating obese children. First the children and teens are not eating the right kind of foods. Second, America’s children are getting less and less exercise. These two things are creating a generation of children who are facing adult health issues like, high cholesterol, diabetes and heart disease. Curing child obesity in America is not difficult as long as parents are willing to be responsib le for teaching their children healthy lifestyles. The parent of an obese child must begin with in the family, to identify the problem, and make a plane for change. If an obese child eating habits don’t change, it can cause them to be an obese teen. We as parents have to help make the change. Parents must cook nutritional balanced meals, eliminate high in fat and sugar snacks, teach portion control, pack healthy lunches, avoid fast food and help your child get physically active. Parents must teach by doing, which means parents must, themselves, also follow a nutritional and active lifestyle. Parents must become experts at child and teen nutrition and set a good example. To help your child means creating a step-by-step program of good nutrition and exercise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Child Obesity" essay for you Create order

Illuminati Paper Persuasive - 1717 Words

Manar khateeb Mr. Carli Persuasive (Final Draft) Com 102 6:30 March 20, 2011 The Illuminati The illuminati are a secret society that infiltrated government to rule the world. It all started in Bavaria on May 1st 1776 by group of European higher ups lead by Adam Weishaupt. Adams philosophy was that the Illuminati should one day rule the world with a one world government, or a new world order. Adam Weishaupt said, â€Å"The great strength of our order lies in its concealment, let it never appear in any place in its own name, but by another name, and another activity. None is fitter than freemasonry. the public is accustomed to it, expects little from it, and therefore will take little notice of it.†(Dr. Adam Weishaupt) with this being said†¦show more content†¦Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States of America, characterizing my family and me as internationalists, and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political structure, one world, if you will, if thatà ¢â‚¬â„¢s the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it.†(David Rockefeller pg405) Clearly, David Rockefeller is fully aware of his position, his fellow illuminati members and him share the same agenda, and are part of a secret group aiming for a one world government, a one world order, the new world order. People, who recognize Satanism, have recognized the similarities between Satanism, and freemasonry. These people make sacrifices to themselves, and to whomever it is they worship. A male sacrifice of perfect innocents and high intelligence is usually the most fitting/suitable victim. These people, the so called elite of the world, gather once a year in a place called the bohemian groove, this is a secluded area in the woods of Monte Rio, California. There is undeniable evidence that satanic rituals go on during these meetings. One of the biggest rituals is called the cremation of care. This is when the young innocent male is burned in the belly of a fifty foot+ stone owl idle. To them, this ritual is to get rid of care towards others, and to killShow MoreRelatedNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pagesthe  far left  into joining a revolutionary  Third Position  movement capable of  subverting  the established political powers.[3][9] Contents  [hide] * 1  History of the term * 2  Conspiracy theories * 2.1  End Time * 2.2  Freemasonry * 2.3  Illuminati * 2.4  Protocols of the Elders of Zion * 2.5  Round Table * 2.6  Open Conspiracy * 2.7  New Age * 2.8  Fourth Reich * 2.9  Alien Invasion * 2.10  Brave New World * 3  Postulated implementations * 3.1  Gradualism

Essay Inquiry in to Shell Companys Code of Ethics

Inquiry into Shell Company’s Code of Ethics PHL 323 – Introduction to Business Ethics Christine Morrow September 9, 2012 Sabrina Hunter Your title page is missing a Running head. Your headers are listed incorrectly. All text should be in Times New Roman, 12 point font. See APA Title page template in the Course Materials folder. Make corrections going forward. Inquiry into Shell Company’s Code of Ethics Intended Persons and Specific Purposes Shell Company Code of Ethics Was Intended For Intended Purposes This particular company’s code of ethics was created for a couple of very specific reasons, and is intended to be adhered by specific individuals that are actually listed by position or job title in the document itself. According†¦show more content†¦The second new type of disclosure the Act states is â€Å"whether or not the company adopted a code of ethics that applies to principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, and persons performing similar functions† (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2003). This paper does not require information on the Sarbanes Oxley Act. Listing Requirements for New York Stock Exchange The next item the Shell Company Code of Ethics refers to is the listing requirements for the New York Stock Exchange. The listing requirements for the N.Y. Stock Exchange are as follows according to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission: â€Å"the initial listing requirements mandate that a company meet specified minimum thresholds for the number of publicly traded shares, total market value, stock price, and number of shareholders. After a company starts trading, it must continue to meet different standards set by the exchanges. Otherwise, the company can be delisted (2003). These brief descriptions of the two stated documents will help the reader better understand what specific purposes the Shell Company Code of Ethics were intended for. This paper does not require Listing Requirements for the NYSE. Shell Company’s Ethical System Virtue Ethical System For all informational purposes, I will start out by stating that Shell Company’s ethical system is one of virtue. According to the â€Å"University of Phoenix Material titled Introduction toShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Ethics934 Words   |  4 PagesWeek Three Managerial Ethics †¢ Identify typical ethical problems of managers. †¢ Recognize differences in ethical behavior and responsibility between an employee and a manager. Course Assignments 4. Readings †¢ Read Ch. 6 7 of Managing Business Ethics. †¢ Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5. Learning Team Instructions †¢ Begin preparing for the Ethics in the Workplace Case Study Action Plan Presentation due in Week Five by reading one of the following case studiesRead MoreA Comparison Of Two Ethics Programs1829 Words   |  8 PagesJacob Whalley Professor Sollars ORGS-1100.51 20/11/13 A Comparison of Two Ethics Programs Becton Dickinson (BD) is a Fortune 500 company founded in 1897 by Henry Becton and Fairleigh Dickinson. Their products are primarily medical devices such as plastic syringes and other medical instruments that make them one of the leading medical technology companies in fifty countries worldwide. These products are sold to medical institutions that require them for medical treatment and research. Lockhead MartinRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Business Ethics8391 Words   |  34 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND BUSINESS ETHICS Final Project Report for Legal Aspects of Management Submitted To Prof. Dr. D.S. 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Separation of power in Malaysia free essay sample

That â€Å"cases before the courts were not intervened by any quarters† and that â€Å"there were cases where the judgments were not in favour of the executive† do not equate to the doctrine in practice. (Phrases within quotation marks taken from a Bernama news report attributed to Nazri who was speaking during the question-and-answer session in the Dewan Rakyat recently. ) Separation of Power has been dead for TWO decade Furthermore, the doctrine is a means and the end is the protection of the rakyat secured through the upholding of the sanctity and independence of the judiciary. Either way, as things stand, the credibility of the Barisan Nasional (BN) government and the judiciary has hung in the balance over the past two decades. The doctrine, which calls for checks and balances between the three estates of government, has been dead in the country’s system of political governance since 1998. Two-thirds majority is NOT good for any country That was when former prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, backed by a solid two-thirds majority in parliament, made the judiciary a subordinate estate. It stemmed from one of the most crucial amendments of the Federal Constitution that has caused much angst and deliberations among jurists. Many saw the amendment as having taken away the judiciary’s inherent common law jurisdiction and the check against abuse of executive power, be it arising from administrative measures or via substantive laws. Judicial power of the federation was taken away In essence, the amended provision Article 121 (1) took away â€Å"judicial power of the federation† from the judiciary, which shall only â€Å"have such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred by or under federal law†. In practice, judges have more often than not become subservient to parliament, which is under the control of the executive, and their ability to deliver justice according to common law and even basic principles of rule of law is shackled. Judges still could not deliver justice in ISA detention For instance, there have been many cases whereby judges had been unable to deliver justice in ISA detention cases but for procedural irregularities. The interpretation and context of national security is solely the domain and judgment of the minister. That is what the doctrine of separation of powers promises to curb the concentration, arbitrary use and abuse of executive power. At least two chief justices during their respective tenure have alluded to the fact that the doctrine is amiss in the country. Amendment made in anger to injustice lasting a generation Under former prime minister Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi’s administration, the then chief justice, Tun Abdul Hamid Mohamad, said in June last year that the move by the government to amend Article 121(1) â€Å"shows that an amendment made in anger as a reaction to a decision of the court could last for one generation†. That was when Datuk Zaid Ibrahim was the de facto law minister, who claimed that his efforts to initiate legal reforms largely failed due to strong resistance from within Umno. Referring to the government’s purported intention to revert to the original provision, Abdul Hamid had said: â€Å"Water finds its own level. We believe in separation of powers. â€Å"The principle must apply equally to the three branches the executive, the legislature and the judiciary of the government. † He was also reported as saying that there should not be any double standards in favour of either of the three branches at any one’s convenience. Another former chief justice, Tun Ahmad Fairuz Sheikh Abdul Halim, in a public speech in Singapore three years ago, laid out the conflicting thoughts and struggle of jurists with Article 121(1) but did not provide any definitive answers. Malaysian judiciary is subservient to the wishes of the legislature However, he did acknowledge that pursuant to a literal interpretation of the provision, â€Å"the judiciary is subservient to the wishes of the legislature in which the executive under the system of responsible government has to a large extent control of what legislation to enact†. International Bar Council Effort He even cited the concerns expressed by the International Bar Association on the effect of the amendment. The association had at that time said: â€Å"It seems to us that this amendment has had the effect of eliminating the inherent powers and jurisdiction of the courts. It therefore fundamentally disturbs the concept of the separation of powers and affects the ability of the judiciary to enforce fundamental rights. It tends to make the judiciary an arm of the legislature, an instrument of the executive. † Citation from International Commission of Jurists The International Commission of Jurists was also cited: ‘‘The formulation of 121 of the Constitution makes the High Courts’ jurisdiction and powers dependent upon federal law, ie the court has no constitutionally entrenched original jurisdiction. â€Å"This undermines the separation of powers and presents a subtle form of influence over the exercise of judicial power. This makes the operation of the High Court dependent upon the legislature and is a threat to the structural independence of the judiciary. † We cannot leave the rule of law to chance As argued in this column previously, the country cannot afford to leave the rule of law and democracy to chance. The Malaysian executive branch and the judiciary would never garner credibility and earn trust from the people until and unless transformation is made. Make no mistake, the powers bestowed on the state under the Sedition Act and Internal Security Act as well as other draconian legislation are wide ranging and are susceptible to arbitrary use. Right the wrong now please The Home Ministry, which is in the midst of reviewing a few such legislation, must take the opportunity to do the right things towards unshackling the judiciary from the executive’s grip. Only then can his colleague and fellow minister, Nazri, declare with a certain pride that a democratic country like Malaysia upholds a doctrine as sacrosanct as the separation of powers. 2) Understanding the separation of power HE Bar Council’s Constitutional Law Committee (ConstiLC) is back with the second phase of its public education campaign MyConstitution or PerlembagaanKu. It will be launched tomorrow, 15 Jan 2010, and will discuss the separation of powers. Part one of the campaign was on knowing the Federal Constitution. ConstiLC deputy co-chair Mahaletchumi Balakrishnan and committee member Daniel Albert, who drafted the second Rakyat Guides booklet explaining the separation of powers, tell The Nut Graph why it is such an important concept. They also discuss where it has failed in Malaysia and the consequences, in an 8 Jan 2010 interview in Kuala Lumpur. TNG: How does the campaign break down the concept of separation of powers for people? Daniel Albert: The Rakyat Guide booklet is titled Constitutional Institutions and the Separation of Power. It will discuss the three institutions which govern a country — the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. Separation of powers is needed so that no one institution becomes too powerful. And each institution is able to function as a check or watchdog on other institutions. How is this concept supposed to work? If Parliament were to enact a law that was not in line with the constitution, the courts would have the power to declare the law ineffective. Or if the government had a policy that breached fundamental liberties, the court could declare the policy ineffective and remedy the situation. As for Parliament, it is supposed to ensure that the government functions in accordance with the constitution through debates, where cabinet ministers are answerable to Parliament. If Parliament is not happy, there is the option of a vote of no-confidence. So the separation of powers provides for this system of checks and balances to ensure there is accountability and transparency in the way the country is governed. AlbertThere are also other constitutional institutions such as the Attorney-General’s Chambers, the Elections Commission, the Auditor-General, the Pardons Board, and the Land Tribunal. The booklet briefly describes all these. What about the judiciary’s role in this check-and-balance system? Albert: It’s significant because there is rarely a meaningful system of check and balance between Parliament and government. The prime minister is the leader of the majority in Parliament. He [or she] can control Parliament to some extent through the party whip. The prime minister chooses the cabinet, and in the Malaysian context all cabinet members must also be members of Parliament. But the judiciary is seen as more independent in terms of appointment. The question is whether the judiciary is playing a meaningful role in the system right now. Where do you think public understanding of the separation of powers is at? Mahaletchumi: Our gauge has been public commentary in the media, media articles, and current issues which give us a general feel of public awareness. When we engaged university students in our campaign’s first phase, they were excited. Many students are aware of current issues, but because they’ve never been taught about the constitution, they can’t connect the dots. I think the lack of public debate when Article 121(1) of the Federal Constitution was amended in 1988 indicates the level of awareness about the separation of powers. Prior to the amendment, courts had the power to adjudicate on any matter that arose. But the amendment gave the courts confined powers as provided to them by federal law. This has a huge impact on the separation of powers. But the amendment was passed regardless, and with very little public debate. It is the same with more recent bills like the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Act and the Judicial Appointments Commission Act, or amendments [to existing legislation]. There was little public debate from a constitutional point of view. Separation of powers is not mentioned or defined in the Federal Constitution. Rather, it is something one understands from the way power and functions are divided between the legislative, executive and judiciary. The separation of powers is an age-old concept that precedes the constitution, and is present in any system of government where power is divided between different institutions. Instead of being defined in the constitution, it is incorporated through various provisions. So you cannot say that separation of powers doesn’t exist just because it is not mentioned in the constitution. Albert: The Federal Court did try to suggest that in 2007. Justice [Tun] Abdul Hamid Mohamad [a former chief justice], delivering the majority ruling, stated that there is no provision for separation of powers in the Malaysian constitution. He held that the framers were influenced by the idea of the concept, but it only applied in so far as it was consistent with the constitution and its amendments. But on the same bench, another judge, Justice Tan Sri Richard Malanjum [currently Chief Judge of the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak] said the exact opposite. Malanjum’s view was that Parliament could not limit the court’s judicial powers as it would be contrary to our democratic system. He further stated that the separation of powers is a basic feature of our Federal Constitution. So there are two views. One is that the amendment is ineffective because the separation of powers is so fundamental, so basic to the constitution’s structure, that not even Parliament can amend it. The other view which supports the amendment is that if Parliament were to enact a law that says â€Å"the court cannot review this law†, then that would be the stand. The court only has as much power as federal law gives it. Some examples are the home minister‘s power to ban books, or to issue detention orders under the Internal Security Act. Because there are two views, it remains to be seen how the courts will interpret their own power. What are some examples how separation of powers has failed here? Albert: One is the 1988 judicial amendment. It was perceived to take away the court’s inherent jurisdiction and entrenched right to examine all laws, and to review any act, or exercise of power by Parliament and the executive. If the judiciary is unable to play this role, who else can? Another example is the Perak speaker’s declaration of seat vacancies in the state legislative assembly. The Federal Court decided that it was unlawful of him to do so, and gave that right to the Election Commission. The Federal Court also ruled that the Perak speaker could not suspend the menteri besar from attending the state assembly. This is clearly contrary to the Federal Constitution, where Article 72 prohibits the validity of proceedings in the assembly being questioned by the courts. 3) Definition of Separation of power The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the trias politica principle,[1] is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in Ancient Greece and Rome. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. Malaysia is a country which practices a parliamentary democracy system which is based on British Westminster system. The concept of â€Å"people rule’ applies whereby the leaders are chosen by people through election process who then form the government. Since independence, the governing and administration of our country has been strengthened further by means of separation of power based on our constitution. To discuss further whether the separation of power is applicable in Malaysian context, it’s wise to understand first, the meaning of separation of power itself. The three main powers or bodies which forms our constitution are knows as The Executive, The Legislative and the Judiciary. Separation of power basically means there’s no overlapping or conflict of interest in carrying out their duties to run the government, among these bodies. The specific duties of each body should be looked upon to: The Executive – Is a body which has the power to govern the country either in the federal or state level. This is a unique collaboration between the federal and state level to run the country efficiently. At the federal level they are known as the cabinet and headed by the Prime Minister and in the state level they are known as state executive council (Exco) which is headed by Chief Minister or Menteri Besar. Their primary function is to govern, administrate and to implement laws that are passed by the legislative body at their respective levels (federal or state). They can’t interfere in matters related to legislative or the Judiciary. The Legislative body As similar to the Executive, the legislative body exists both at federal and state level. At the federal level, they are known as Member of Parliament (MP) and headed by The Yang Di Pertuan Agung and State legislative Assemblymen (ADUN) headed by Yang Di Pertua or Sultan at the state level. Their main function is to draw up, amend and pass laws. 4) Separation of Power, Malaysian Context The doctrine of separation of powers is a political doctrine under which the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government are kept distinct, to prevent abuse of power. However, Malaysia has its own model. Whilst our Constitution does have the features of the separation of powers, it also contains features which do not strictly comply with the doctrine. To what extent the doctrine applies, therefore, depends on the provisions of the Constitution. † 5. In determining the constitutionality or otherwise of a statute under our Constitution, it is the provision of the Constitution that matters, not a political theory expounded by some thinkers. The doctrine of separation of powers is not a provision of the Malaysian Constitution. Thus, a provision of the Constitution cannot be struck out on the ground that it contravenes the doctrine. Similarly, no provision of the law may be struck out as unconstitutional if it is not inconsistent with the Constitution, even though it may be inconsistent with the doctrine. † In case readers of this article are not immediately familiar, the case of PP v KOK WAH KUAN [2007] 6 CLJ 341 dealt with a child who was convicted of killing his tuition teacher’s daughter. He was ordered to be detained at the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong pursuant to section 97(2) of the Child Act 2001. The question that arose was whether his sentence was unconstitutional, because it gave to the executive branch of government the function of the judicial branch of government, namely the determining of the sentence. Hence the issue of the existence and applicability of the doctrine of separation of powers within the Malaysian Federal Constitution. The particular quotation referred to in the Malaysian Government’s document was actually culled from various paragraphs of the judgment of Abdul Hamid Mohamad PCA, writing for the majority decision in PP v KOK WAH KUAN on the issue of separation of powers. Now earlier in the same ‘Statement by Malaysia – Annexe’, the Government was at pains to explain that the amendment to Article 121(1) of the Malaysian Federal Constitution which replaced the words â€Å"judicial power of the Federation† with the words â€Å"shall have such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred by or under federal law† did not alter the meaning and intent of Article 121(1). The Government had this to say: â€Å"Malaysia wishes to inform that according to the legislative history of Clause (1) of Article 121 of the Federal Constitution, regardless of the terminology used to refer the jurisdiction and powers of the courts, the position and effect of Clause (1) of Article 121 of the Federal Constitution prior and after the amendment to Article 121(1) via Act A704, remains the same as both subject the judicial power of the courts to Federal law. In fact, the post amendment position states the law in clearer terms. † The above is the official position of the Malaysian Government, announced to the whole world. But see here below a different view: â€Å"Prior to the amendment to Article 121(1) of the Federal Constitution, there existed a definitive declaration that the judicial power of the Federation shall be vested in the two High Courts. The provision also then provided for the two High Courts to have jurisdiction and powers conferred by or under federal law. After the amendment (vide Act A704), there no longer exists a declaration that the ‘judicial power of the Federation’ – as the term was understood prior to the amendment – vests in the two High Courts. The jurisdiction and powers of the two High Courts are now prescribed by federal law and not dependent on the interpretation of the term ‘judicial power’ as prior the amendment. To say that the amendment had no effect did not make sense. † Where, readers may ask, was this second view taken from? Well, none other than from the judgment of Abdul Hamid Mohamad PCA in the very same case of PP v. KOK WAH KUAN. Law not a buffet spread The Malaysian government ought not to think of the law as a buffet spread in a hotel restaurant, where we can pick and choose which parts of a judgment of a case that we like and will follow, and which we will not. After having relied so heavily upon the judgment of Abdul Hamid Mohamad PCA to support its position that there is no such thing as the doctrine of separation of powers in the Malaysian Federal Constitution, it is sheer folly to then go on to say, implicitly, that the same Abdul Hamid Mohamad PCA got it wrong when he concluded that, â€Å"To say that the amendment [to Article 121(1) of the Malaysian Federal Constitution] had no effect did not make sense. † It is submitted that it is the Malaysian Government’s position that does not make sense. This is an error that even a first year law student would have been able to spot and avoid. It is interesting to note that in the case of of PP v. KOK WAH KUAN, four out of the five judges who heard the case agreed that the doctrine of separation of powers did not apply to the Malaysian Federal Constitution. There was Abdul Hamid Mohamad PCA, who wrote the judgment, and Ahmad Fairuz CJ, Alauddin CJ (Malaya) and Zaki Azmi FCJ, all of whom concurred. In respect of the doctrine of separation of powers, Richard Malanjum CJ (Sabah and Sarawak) dissented. Perhaps the learned current Chief Justice should focus more on correcting this decision and restoring separation of powers as a constitutional doctrine rather than rushing justice through our courts. The former is of far more critical importance for the long-term development of a truly independent judiciary. Indeed, the words of Richard Malanjum CJ (Sabah and Sarawak) are instructive: â€Å"The courts, especially the superior courts, are a separate and independent pillar of the Federal Constitution and not mere agents of the Federal Legislature. In the performance of their function they perform a myriad of roles and interpret and enforce a myriad of laws. Article 121(1) is not, and cannot be, the whole and sole repository of the judicial role in this country for the following reasons: (i) the amendment to Article 121(1) seeks to limit the jurisdiction and powers of the High Courts and inferior courts to whatever ‘may be conferred by or under federal law’; (ii) the courts cannot be confined to ‘federal law’ as their role is to be servants of the law as a whole; (iii) it is not legally possible in a country with a supreme Constitution and with provision for judicial review to prevent the courts from examining constitutional questions; (iv) despite the amendment (to Article 121(1)), the common law powers of the courts are intact (see Ngan Tuck Seng v Ngan Yin Hoi [1995] 5 MLJ 509 referred). Further, the inherent powers of the courts are a separate and distinct source of jurisdiction; (v) the courts cannot be prevented from interpreting the law creatively; (vi) past or earlier statutes have to be applied to modern or current circumstances; (vii) in interpreting constitutional provisions, a judge cannot afford to be too literal. He is to be creative and not passive to enable the constitutional provisions to be the guardian of people’s rights and the source of their freedom; (viii) the role of a judge is not just to deliver what is already there but it is also constitutive and creative and goes far beyond a mechanical interpretation of pre-existing law, extending to direct or indirect law-making in the several ways mentioned in the judgment. † Inadequate understanding The response of the Malaysian Government to the report of the WGAD has exposed our Government’s inadequate understanding of and appreciation for the rule of law. It comes as no surprise therefore to read that the Government has stoutly maintained that preventive detention legislation should continue to exist in Malaysia. It has attempted to suggest to the international community that our preventive detention legislation has adequate safeguards by way of habeas corpus applications, knowing full well that legislation has restricted the scope of such applications only to errors of procedure and not to issues of substance. Judges cannot delve into the actual reasons for detention, but only point out where the Government has failed to dot its â€Å"i’s and cross its t’s†. Such a limited and superficial jurisdiction is symptomatic of the respect shown to our courts in matters of justice. But again, is such a position surprising from a government that does not acknowledge that courts act as a check and balance on the executive and the legislature. I can but urge the Malaysian Government to stop defending the indefensible. A glance of Separation of Power in Malaysia The Doctrine of separation of power and the principle of check and balance and its application in Malaysia. Titek Sobah bt Suyub Law Department, UiTM Perak Introduction 1) This doctrine is a mechanism to prevent the abuse of powers by the governing bodies while exercising or performing their function. Since these bodies is the caretaker of the people therefore they are to ensure that the nation is being manage according to law so that the well being of the people will not be put aside. 2) Because of this, no governing body can be given more than one power because these may resulted in an unlimited of power making it impossible to be question and check upon by others. 3) To enable supervision and checking be done upon this power, it need to be separated according to its function and each government organ which have been allocated with certain function cannot later on encroach into the administration and function of other organ. Each organ is being confined to its function alone. Procedure /Method 1) This doctrine works by balancing the powers distributed amongst organs of government and giving each organ the ability to check the power exercise by other organ. 2) It is a kind of measured to remove the amount of power hold by one organ only whereby these power will be divided into different organ with different function making it difficult to abuse the power held by these organ since it will always be scrutinized by other organ. 3) Under this doctrine, the government is divided into three organ or branches which are assigns with different political and legal powers and they are to act independently of each other. a) The Executive This will be the government organ that will be responsible in administering the nation and ensuring that government policy will be carried out according to the law. The government departments which assist in administering the nation are part of the executive. In performing their duties, it must be done according to the power granted by the law so that it will not be void and be held ultra vires and of no effect. b) The Legislative This organ will be given the responsibility to enact law so that administration could run smoothly. However this organ cannot interfere as to the administration carried out by the executive. Law will be enacted in accordance with the interest of the people generally and not the interest of the government organ. Parliament will be the place where law will be enacted and the voice of the people was heard through their representative. c) Judiciary The law which was enacted by the legislative will not only govern the people but also the nation including the three government organ. All action done by all parties must be according to the law. If dispute arise as to whether certain action contradict the law, then it might be challenge in court. Therefore the judiciary whereby the system of court is under this organ plays an important role in determining as to whether action done is legal or illegal. The judiciary will interpret the law enacted by the legislative and at the same time applies the said law in arriving at their decision. All parties will be treated equally and the judiciary is free to make judgments without coercion, fear or favor. Check and Balance 1) With separate power and authority granted to different organ, it will actually limit the power possess by each organ and the prohibition to encroach the power exercise by the other organ not only act as a prohibition to the abuse of power however each organ have to be fully aware that their action will be scrutinize by other organ. 2) The executive itself cannot claim that they are more superior than the other organ since their action can still be challenge by the judiciary if it is not according to law. 3) In fact the legislator though given power to enact law, however if law is not enacted carefully it is still of no use and will be quash by the judiciary and will defeat its purpose. 4) The judiciary itself in exercising its function has to be in accordance with law and cannot use their discretion without limitation. 5) Therefore whatever is being done by any of this organ, it have to be in line with each other or else it will not be valid. These government organ not only will be checking upon the exercising of power of each other since it will be challenge if not done accordance to law however the government organ itself have to check as to whether they are acting according to the law or not to avoid being challenge later on. 6) This situation will ensure that the power possess by each organ will not be exercise arbitrarily and it will be balance by the said process of ability to check upon one another and the people is given the rights to criticize government action and remove officials from office. 7) The person who composes these three government organ must be kept separate and distinct, and no individual being allowed to be at the same time a member of more than one organ. In this way each of the organ/branches will be a check to the others and no single group of people will be able to control any of these organs in performing their function. Effect/Conclusion 1) Under this doctrine, the ability to question and challenge each other upon action which are not done according to law will only allowed the government to use force upon combination use of power possess by the three organs. Once there is no agreement upon the exercising of power by the three organs than the action by the government will not be valid. 2) The executive may exercise its power in administering the nation however if the exercising of power is not accordance to the law enacted by the legislator than the judiciary may held that what is being done by the executive is ultra vires and therefore not valid. As an example the Road Transport Department (JPJ) may prohibits traffic offender from renewing their license, however do the department posses the power to do this under the law? If there is no such power granted by any law enacted by the legislator then the judiciary may review this action once challenge in court. 3) In Malaysia, Separation of Power is not being practice strictly. This can be seen from the overlapping power of the executive and the legislative. Both of these government organs in Malaysia were represented by the same person. The cabinet of Malaysia (executive) is also the members of Parliament (legislative). Therefore the tendency of ratifying an ultra vires action done by the executive may exist. 4) Meanwhile the Judges were appointed by the Yang Dipertuan Agong who is acting upon the advice of the executive. Independency of each organ in Malaysia can still be question since the doctrine of separation of power is not being adhered to strictly.